Poly textile applications

The largest volume commercial derivatives of 1-butanol are butyl acrylate [141-32-2] and methacrylate [97-88-1] (10). These are used principally in emulsion polymers for latex paints, in textile applications and in impact modifiers for rigid poly (vinyl chloride). The consumption of -butanol in the United States for acrylate and methacrylate esters is expected to rise to 182,000—186,000 t by 1993 (10). 

Note ABS, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene EPS, expandable polystyrene HIPS, high-impact polystyrene PA, polyamide PBT, poly(butylene)terephthalate PC, polycarbonate PE, polyethylene PET, poly(ethylene)terephthalate PP, polypropylene PUR, polyurethane PVC, polyvinylchloride UPE, unsaturated polyester Textile, textile application. 

Mochizuki, M. (2010) Textile applications, in Poly(Lactic Acid) Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, and Applications (WUey Series on Polymer Engineering and Technology) (eds R. Auras, L.-T. Lim, S.E.M. Selke and H. Tsuji), John Wiley Sons, Inc., NJ, pp. 469-476. 

In 1983, Celanese Corporation commercialized PBI fiber, spun from solutions of poly[2,2 -(m-phenylene)-5,5 -bibenzimidazole], for a wide range of textile applications. And, with a unique, new polymer commercially available for the first time, Celanese also undertook the development and evaluation of other forms of the polymer. Process and application development of PBI films, fibrids, papers, microporous resin, sizing, coatings and molding resins have been started. Applications for PBI utilize its unique chemistry, a polymeric secondary amine, as well as its thermal and chemical stability. 

Mochizuki M. Poly (lactic add) synthesis, stractures, properties, processing, and applications. Textile Applications 2011 4 469. 

Very recent work in our laboratories as yet unpublished has shown that poly(acrylonitrile) copolymer having properties suitable for fibers, when polymerized in the presence of a functionalized nanoclay, may absorb ammonium polyphosphate during filament extrusion and yield fibers with LOI > 35. In these fibers, a clear synergy between nanoclay and flame retardant is observed, and filament properties are little changed from those acceptable for normal textile applications. 

Poly(vinyl alcohol) will function as a non-ionic surface active agent and is used in suspension polymerisation as a protective colloid. In many applications it serves as a binder and thickener is addition to an emulsifying agent. The polymer is also employed in adhesives, binders, paper sizing, paper coatings, textile sizing, ceramics, cosmetics and as a steel quenchant. 

The polymers are of interest as water-soluble packaging films for a wide variety of domestic and industrial materials. (Additional advantages of the poly(ethylene oxide)s are that they remain dry to the feel at high humidities and may be heat sealed.) The materials are also of use in a number of solution application such as textile sizes and thickening agents. As a water-soluble film they are competitive with poly(vinyl alcohol) whereas in their solution applications they meet competition from many longer established natural and synthetic water-soluble polymers. 

Polyester chemistry is the same as studied by Carothers long ago, but polyester synthesis is still a very active field. New polymers have been very recently or will be soon commercially introduced PTT for fiber applications poly(ethylene naph-thalate) (PEN) for packaging and fiber applications and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a biopolymer synthesized from renewable resources (corn syrup) introduced by Dow-Cargill for large-scale applications in textile industry and solid-state molding resins. Polyesters with unusual hyperbranched architecture also recently appeared and are claimed to find applications as crosstinkers, surfactants, or processing additives. 

Special mention must be made of poly(lactic acid), a biodegradable/bio-resorbable polyester, obtained from renewable resources through fermentation of com starch sugar. This polymer can compete with conventional thermoplastics such as PET for conventional textile fibers or engineering plastics applications. Hie first Dow-Cargill PLA manufacturing facility is scheduled to produce up to 140,000 tons of Nature Works PLA per year beginning in 200245 at an estimated price close to that of other thermoplastic resins U.S. l/kg.46 Other plants are planned to be built in the near future.45... 

Rather more specialised sizes are used in certain applications. For example, a reactive poly(dimethylsiloxane) (section 10.10.2) is recommended for the sizing of some industrial textile fabrics [173]. 

The newest commercial polymer to join the polyester family is poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) which is being targeted at fibre applications (Chapter 11). It is sold under the Corterra trademark by Shell. After packaging, the single largest use for polyesters is for fibre applications such as clothing, textiles and non-wovens. The technology of polyester fibre formation is described in Chapters 12 and 13. 

Propanediol. Both the diol and the dicarboxylic acid components of poly-trimethylene-terephthalate, a high performance polyester fiber with extensive applications in textile apparel and carpeting, are currently manufactured from petrochemical raw materials. 

Table 11.6 shows the uses of TA/DMT. TA or DMT is usually reacted with ethylene glycol to give poly(ethylene terephthalate) (90%) but sometimes it is combined with 1,4-butanediol to yield poly(butylene terephthalate). Polyester fibers are used in the textile industry. Films find applications as magnetic tapes, electrical insulation, photographic film, and packaging. Polyester bottles, especially in the soft drink market, are growing rapidly in demand. 

Fatty acid ethoxylates are used extensively in the textile industry as emulsifiers for processing oils, antistatic agents (qv), softeners, and fiber lubricants, and as detergents in scouring operations. They also find application as emulsifiers in cosmetic preparations and pesticide formulations. Fatty acid ethoxylates are manufactured either by alkali-catalyzed reaction of fatty acids with ethylene oxide or by acid-catalyzed esterification of fatty acids with preformed poly(ethylene glycol). Deodorization steps are commonly incorporated into the manufacturing process. 

Functional derivatives of polyethylene, particularly poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid) and derivatives, have received attention because of their water-solubility and disposal into the aqueous environment. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is used in a wide variety of applications, including textiles, paper, plastic films, etc, and poly(acrylic acid) is widely used in detergents as a builder, a super-absorbent for diapers and feminine hygiene products, for water treatment, in thickeners, as pigment dispersant, etc (see Vinyl POLYMERS, VINYL alcohol polymers). 

The main applications for PVA are in textile sizing, adhesives, polymerization stabilizers, paper coating, poly(vinyl butyial), and PVA fibers. In terms of percentage, and omitting the production of PVA not isolated prior to conversion into poly(vinyl butyral), the principal applications are textile sizes, at 30% adhesives, including use as a protective colloid, at 25% fibers, at 15% paper sizes, at 15%, poly(vinyl butyral), at 10% and others, at 5%, which include water-soluble films, nonwoven fabric binders, thickeners, slow-release binders for fertilizer, photoprinting plates, sponges for cosmetic, and health care applications. 

The protonated form of poly(vinyl amine) (PVAm—HC1) has two advantages over many cationic polymers high cationic charge densities are possible and the pendent primary amines have high reactivity. It has been applied in water treatment, paper making, and textiles (qv). The protonated forms modified with low molecular weight aldehydes are useful as fines and filler retention agents and are in use with recycled fibers. As with all new products, unexpected applications, such as in clear antiperspirants, have been found. It is useful in many metal complexation applications (49). 

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