Poly phthalate solution

Nakayasc, H., and T. G Fox Molecular weight-temperature-concentration relationship for the viscosity of poly(vinyl acetate) and its dieth5rl phthalate solutions. Abstr. 137 th ACS, p. ll-I, Cleveland, Ohio (Apr. 1960). 

Fig. 13.26 Plot of log G against crystallization temperature for isotactic poly (styrene) crystallizing from a 0.1% dimethyl phthalate solution. (From Tanzawa (66))...

Shoukry et al. have prepared plastic membrane ion-selective electrodes for the determination of procaine and other anaesthetic compounds [69]. The electrode selective for procaine was prepared with the use of a membrane containing 15% of the procaine tetraphenylborate ion pair with 40% of dioctyl phthalate and 45% of poly vinyl chloride (PVC). The membrane was attached as a disc (12 mm diameter, 0.3 mm thick) to the polished PVC cap of the electrode tube, which contained an internal solution of 0.1 M sodium chloride made 1 mM in the same drug, and in contact with a Ag-AgCl wire. Linear response ranges were determined to be 20.0 pM to 16 mM for procaine over the pH range of 3.1 to 7.9. The electrodes could also be used in the potentiometric titration of the drug with 0.01 M sodium tetraphenylborate. 

Liu et al. prepared a procaine-sensitive FET transducer by coating a suitable electrode with sodium tetraphenylborate-procaine active material, 5% of poly(vinylchloride), and dibutyl phthalate in tetrahydrofliran [71]. The optimum operating pH was determined to be between 2 and 7. The transducer was applied in the potentiometric titrimetric determination of procaine in injection solution, where the recovery was 100.7% and the coefficient of variation (n = 2) was 1.4%. 

Arabin, A., and Ostelius, J. (1980), Determination by electron-capture gas chromatography of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in intravenous solutions stored in poly(vinyl chloride) bags,/. Chromatogra. B, 193,405 412. 

Fig. 8.13. Dimensionless shear rate /30 locating the onset of shear rate dependence in the viscosity in narrow distribution systems of linear polymers vs cM/qM. Symbols for data on additional polymers are A for undiluted 1,4 polybutadiene (322), for undiluted poly(dimethyl siloxane) (323), and O for solutions of polyvinyl acetate in diethyl phthalate (195). The dotted lines indicate the ranges of for the intrinsic viscosity...

Masuda,T., Toda,N., Aoto,Y, Onogi,S. Viscoelastic properties of concentrated solutions of poly(methyl methacrylate) in diethyl phthalate. Polymer J. (Japan) 3, 315-321... 

Table VII gives Tc values for solutions of PVC and poly (vinyl acetate) in a series of dialkyl phthalates (34).

The sample was a solution of polystyrene (PS) dissolved in dioctyl phthalate (DOP). This system has a theta temperature of approximately 22°C [183] and has been the subject of most of the studies investigating flow-induced phase transitions in polymer solutions. The particular sample used here had a molecular weight for PS of 2 million, a poly-dispersity of MW/MN = 1.06, and a concentration of 6%. This results in a semidilute... 

Before discussing theoretical approaches let us review some experimental results on the influence of flow on the phase behavior of polymer solutions and blends. Pioneering work on shear-induced phase changes in polymer solutions was carried out by Silberberg and Kuhn [108] on a polymer mixture of polystyrene (PS) and ethyl cellulose dissolved in benzene a system which displays UCST behavior. They observed shear-dependent depressions of the critical point of as much as 13 K under steady-state shear at rates up to 270 s Similar results on shear-induced homogenization were reported on a 50/50 blend solution of PS and poly(butadiene) (PB) with dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as a solvent under steady-state Couette flow [109, 110], A semi-dilute solution of the mixture containing 3 wt% of total polymer was prepared. The quiescent... 

Table 18. Separation of organic solutes from aqueous solutions using cellulose acetate phthalate-poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) complex membrane4841...

FIG. 16.6 Glass transition temperature of solutions of Poly(vinyl chloride) in two plasticizers as a function of weight fraction of plasticizer, wv dibutyl phthalate O dicyclohexyl phthalate. The dashed lines above and below the cusp temperature were calculated with the aid of Eq. (16.26) and Eq. (16.27), respectively. From Pezzin (1971). Courtesy The IUPAC Secretariat. 

As an example of the concentration dependence of viscoelastic properties in Fig. 16.11 the shear creep compliance of poly(vinyl acetate) is plotted vs. time for solutions of poly(vinyl acetate) in diethyl phthalate with indicated volume fractions of polymer, reduced to 40 °C with the aid of the time temperature superposition principle (Oyanagi and Ferry, 1966). From this figure it becomes clear that the curves are parallel. We may conclude that the various may be shifted over the time axis to one curve, e.g. to the curve for pure polymer. In general it appears that viscoelastic properties measured at various concentrations may be reduced to one single curve at one concentration with the aid of a time-concentration superposition principle, which resembles the time-temperature superposition principle (see, e.g. Ferry, General references, 1980, Chap. 17). The Doolittle equation reads for this reduction ... 

FIG. 16.11 Shear creep compliance of poly(vinyl acetate), M = 240 kg/mol, and four solutions in diethyl phthalate with indicated values of the polymer volume fraction, John Wiley Sons, Inc. 

Liq = liquid membrane with ion-exchange solution into the porous diaphgragm PVC = plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) Epoxy = conductive epoxy resin membrane. BA = benzyl alcohol BEHP = bis(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate DA = 1-decanol DBP = dibutyl phthalate DBS = dibutyl sebacate DNP = dinonyl phthalate DOP = dioctyl phthalate NB = nitrobenzene NPOE = 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether NT = 2-nitrotoluene or 4-nitrotoluene OA = 1-octanol. 

Fig. 13. The Vogel parameters T and a as functions of for solutions of poly(vinyl acetate) in diethyl phthalate...

Fig. 16. lAygTj at constant temperature versus logq>2Z for solutions of poly (vinyl acetate) in diethyl phthalate, O, and cetyl alcohol, —O, at the theta temperature for dilute cetyl alcohol solutions. The straight lines have slopes 1.0 and 3.4. The independence of from may be noted... 

Fig. 17. Logi7 the viscosity corrected to constant friction factor versus logq> Z for poly(vinyl acetate) solutions in diethyl phthalate O, = 1 , gsj = 0.75 = 0.50 , gj = 0.25. The parameter C given by Eq. (2.30) ccsrrects the data at each ip to constant friction factor...

It seems, therefore, that the study of rj q>, Z) at constant 9 g, variable Z, may offer an opportunity to evaluate the applicability of Bueche s theoretical results. BuECHE, CovEN and Kinzig 58) recognized this fact and studied the variation of Z with 9P2 for the system poly(methyl-methacrylate) diethyl phthalate. Unfortunately, the results are inconclusive, either (p Z) or q l Z) constant will correlate the data. Moreover, in view of the difference in Z estimated for the conventional polymer used by these investigators and that found for the atactic polymer, one must suspect the possibility of some order in the pol5uner chains, even in solution. Thus, this pol5uner may not represent the best material for such a study. 

Stern, D. M., J. W. Berge, S. F. Kurath, C. Sakoonkim, and J. D. Ferry Dynamic mechanical properties of concentrated solutions of poly-(methyl methacrylate) in diethyl phthalate. J. Colloid Sci. 17, 409 (1962). 

Plasticizers—small organic molecules that act as lubricants between chains—are usually added to thermoplastics to keep them from becoming brittle at room temperature. A good example is polyCvinyl chloride), which is brittle when pure but becomes supple and pliable when a plasticizer is added. In fact, the drip bags used in hospitals to deliver intravenous solutions are made of poly vinyl chloride). Dialkyl phthalates such as di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate are commonly used for this purpose, although questions about their safety have recently been raised. 

As it is possible to produce macromolecular chains with segments that have different solubilities in a given solvent (copolymers), one would expect that concentrated solutions of such copolymers would behave in a manner different from that of a simple polymer. In block copolymers of the type AAABBBAAA, in which A is water-soluble and B is water-insoluble, the insoluble parts will tend to aggregate. If, for instance, a polystyrene-poly(oxyethylene) copolymer, comprising 41% polystyrene and 59% poly(oxyethylene), is dissolved at 80°C in butyl phthalate (a good solvent for polystyrene), a gel with a microscopic layer stmcture is formed at room temperature in nitromethane the form is somewhat different (Fig. 8.8a) as the nitromethane preferentially dissolves the poly(oxyethylene) chains. 

Formation of diallyl phthalate prepolymers from preformed poly(monoallyl phthalates) by esterification with allyl alcohol in benzene solution, catalyzed by p-toluenesulfonic acid [125]. 

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