Pollution, and oil

In November 2000, the doe released an even more comprehensive analysis by our national laboratories extending out to 2020, which showed that U.S. co2 emissions could, with serious government effort, be reduced dramatically below 2000 levels, again with a price for co2 of less than 15 per ton and with reductions in energy bills to consumers and businesses that exceeded the economic costs.3 Other benefits included reductions in urban air pollution and oil imports. 

As a source of clean energy, hydrogen is also going to be the permanent answer to another global problem caused by utilization of fossil fuels, such as the greenhouse effect, climate change, acid rains, ozone layer depletion, pollution and oil spills. 

Pollutants and Oil Slicks by Laser-Excited Raman Spectroscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1973, 7, 452. 

M Ahmadjian, CW Brown. Feasibility of remote detection of water pollutants and oil slicks by laser-excited Raman spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 7 452-453, 1973. 

Advanced composites and fiber-reinforced materials are used in sailcloth, speedboat, and other types of boat components, and leisure and commercial fishing gear. A ram id and polyethylene fibers are currentiy used in conveyer belts to collect valuable offshore minerals such as cobalt, uranium, and manganese. Constmction of oil-adsorbing fences made of high performance fabrics is being evaluated in Japan as well as the constmction of other pollution control textile materials for maritime use. For most marine uses, the textile materials must be resistant to biodeterioration and to a variety of aqueous pollutants and environmental conditions. 

The oil-fiimace process, based on the partial combustion of Hquid aromatic residual hydrocarbons, was first introduced in the United States at the end of World War II. It rapidly displaced the then dominant channel (impingement) and gas-furnace processes because it gave improved yields and better product quahties. It was also independent of the geographical source of raw materials, a limitation on the channel process and other processes dependent on natural gas, making possible the worldwide location of manufacturing closer to the tire customers. Environmentally it favored elimination of particulate air pollution and was more versatile than all other competing processes. 

Industrial pollution is also emitted by industries that convert products to other products—(1) automobile bodies from steel, (2) furniture from lumber, (3) paint from solids and solvents, and (4) asphaltic paving from rock and oil. 

Excessive temperature can lead to premature failure of an item of equipment at pressures below its design maximum working pressure. Such a failure can create a leak, potentially leading to fire or explosion if gas is leaked or to oil pollution if oil is leaked. This type of failure should be gradual, with warning as it develops, and thus does not require as higli a degree of protection as those previously mentioned. 

Ultimately, pollution can only be avoided by complete removal of SO2 from the effluent gases, but this council of perfection is both technologically and economically unattainable. Many processes are available to reduce the SO2 concentration to very low figures, but the vast scale of power generation and domestic heating by coal and oil still results in substantial emission. SO2 can be removed by scrubbing with a slurry of milk of lime , CafOH) . Alternatively, partial reduction to H2S using natural gas (CH4), naphtlia or coal, followed by catalytic conversion to elemental sulfur by the Claus process can be used ... 

The most likely substitute for coal is natural gas, which, as noted earlier, releases about 55 percent of the amount of carbon dioxide that coal, on the average, does. In addition, it produces far fewer other pollutants, such as sulfates and polycyclic hydrocarbons, than coal and oil yield on combustion. 

Power plant emissions result from the comhustion of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil. These emissions include sulfur dioxide (SO,), nitrogen oxides (NO.,), particulate matter, and hazardous air pollutants, all of which are subject to environmental regulations. Another emission is carbon dioxide (CO,), suspected of being responsible for global warming. 

Although the petrochemical and metals industries were the primai y focus of the toxic air pollutants legislation, approximately forty of these substances have been detected in fossil power plant flue gas. Mercury, which is found in trace amounts in fossil fuels such as coal and oil, is liberated during the combustion process and these emissions may be regulated in the future. EPA issued an Information Collection Request (ICR) that required all coal-fired plants to analyze their feed coal for mercury and chlorine. Since these data will be used in making a regulatory decision on mercury near the end ot the year 2000, it is critical that the power industry provide the most accurate data possible. 

The major energy-related sources of water pollution are from thermal pollution, surface water pollution from oil spills, polychlorinated biphenyls, and groundwater contamination. 

The concept of a soap-LSDA detergent represents a simple solution to the quest for less polluting highly efficient laundry detergents [47,48]. If present worldwide price trends for petrochemicals, phosphates, and other builders continue to rise, the use of tallow or other fats and oils, which are replenishable agricultural products or byproducts, should become economically more attractive. Since the USD A research team initiated research on soap-LSDA detergents, the a-sulfonated fatty acid esters (MES) have become commercially available in the United States, Europe, and Japan. 

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