Pollutants, stationary sources

The unplanned growth of cities Is accompanied by Increased traffic, energy consumption. Industrial activity and pollution. Stationary sources such as power plants, emit most of the SO, and some of the SPH and NO,. Host of the CO and Pb and much of the particulate matter and Oj are emitted from mobile sources (cars, trucks, buses, planes, etc.). 

Hazardous Air Pollutants. Tide 3 of the CAAA of 1990 addresses the release of hazardous air poUutants (HAPs) by requiring both the identification of major stationary sources and area source categories for 189 toxic chemicals and the promulgation of control standards. Major sources of air toxics, also referred to as HAPs, include any stationary source or group of sources emitting 10 or more tons/yr of any single Hsted toxic chemical or 25 tons/yr of a combination of any Hsted toxic. Area sources of HAPs include smaller plants that emit less than the 10 or 20 tons/yr thresholds. The major sources of HAPs are typically industrial faciHties. However, Tide 3 requites the EPA to study potential health affects associated with emissions of HAPs from electric UtiHty boilers (11). 

John D McKennO/ Ph D / President and Chaiiman, ETS International, Inc., Member, Amencan In stitute of Chemical Engineers, Air and Wa.ste Management Association. (Air Pollution Management of Stationary Source.s)... 

Sources Subject to Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Sources subject to PSD regulations (40 CFR, Sec. 52.21, Aug. 7, 1980) are major stationary sources and major modifications located in attainment areas and unclassified areas. A major stationaiy source was defined as any source hsted in Table 25-4 with the potential to emit 100 tons per year or more of any pollutant regulated under the Clean Air Act (CAA) or any other source with the potential to emit 250 tons per year or more of any CAA pollutant. The potential to emit is defined as the maximum capacity to emit the pollutant under apphcable emission standards and permit conditions (after apphcation of any air pollution control equipment) excluding secondaiy emissions. A major modification is defined as any physical or operational change of a major stationaiy source producing a significant net emissions increase of any CAA pollutant (see Table 25-5). 

In addition to using annuahzed cost comparisons in evaluating an air-poUution-control (APC) equipment installation, the impact of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) and resulting regulations also must be included in the evaluation. The CAAA prescribes specific pollution-control requirements for particular industries and locations. As an example, the CAAA requires that any major stationary source or... 

Particulates Procedures for testing a particulate source are more detailed than those used for sampling gases. Because particulates exhibit inertial effects and are not uniformly distributed within a stack, sampling to obtain a representative sample is more complex than for gaseous pollutants. EPA Method 5 (as shown in Fig. 25-32) is the most widely used procedure for determination of particulate emissions from a stationary source. In-stack samphng guidehnes are presented in EPA Method 17. 

IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION.—Such plan provisions shall expressly identify and quantify the emissions, if any, of any such pollutant or pollutants which will be allowed, from the construction and operation of major new or modified stationary sources in each such area. The plan shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Administrator that the emissions quantified for this purpose will be consistent with the achievement of reasonable further progress and will not interfere with the attainment of the applicable national ambient air quality standard by the applicable attainment date. 

EPA is required to identify alternative control technologies for all categories of stationary sources of VOC or NOj that have the potential to emit 25 tons per year or more of either pollutant. 

Although there are other reasons for continued high levels of ozone pollution, such as growth in the number of stationary sources of hydrocarbons and continued growth in automobile travel, the remaining sources of hydrocarbons are the most difficult to control. These are the small sources, those that emit less than 100 tons of hydrocarbons per year. These sources, such as auto shops and dry cleaners, may individually emit less than 10 tons per year but collectively emit many hundreds of tons of pollution. 

Control of stationary sources of air pollution requires the application of either the control concepts mentioned in Chapter 28 of the control devices mentioned in Chapter 29. In some cases, more than one system or device must be used to achieve satisfactory control. The three general methods of control are (1) process change to a less polluting process or to a lowered emission from the existing process through modification of the operation,... 

Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollutant Measurement Systems/ Vol. Ill, "Stationary Source Specific Methods," EPA-600/4-77-027b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1977. 

Air Pollution Dispersion Application of air dispersion modeling principles and EPA tools to assessing environmental impacts from stack and area releases of pollutants Dispersion theory Gaussian plume model Ground-level concentrations Worst case scenarios Air quality impact assessments Stationary source emissions... 

In addition to chemicals covered under TRI, many other chemicals are released. For example, the EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has compiled air pollutant emission factors for determining the total air emissions of priority pollutants (e.g., VOCs, SO, NO, CO, particulates, etc.) from many refinery sources. The EPA Office of Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) contains a wide range of information related to stationary sources of air pollution, including the emissions of a number of air pollutants which may be of concern within a particular industry. With the exception of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), there is little overlap with the TRI chemicals reported above. 

Precipitation Pamphlet, Western Precipitation Company C-103R-1, Los Angeles, Calif., 1952, p. 3, E. Bakke The Application of Wet Electrostatic Precipitators for Control of Fine Particulate Matter, Paper presented at Symposium on Control of Fine Particulate Emissions from Industrial Sources for the Joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. Working Group, Stationary Source Air Pollution Control Technology, San Francisco, Calif., January 15-18, 1974, pp. 6-7. 

Mobile Sources moving objects that release regulated air pollutants, e.g., cars, trucks, buses, planes, trains, motorcycles, and gas-powered lawn mowers. See also source stationary source. 

Source any place or object from which air pollutants are released. Sources that are fixed in space are stationary sources sources that move are mobile sources. See also major source. 

Air pollution dispersion models derived from the UNAMAP6 stationary source models and other specialized dispersion models. Uses more than 20 models. Requires 512K memory and 132 column printer. 

Matheson, D.H. Elder, F.C., Eds. Atmospheric Contribution to the Chemistry of Lake Waters, J. Great Lakes Res., Suppliment 2, pp 225. National Academy of Science, Air Quality and Stationary Source Emission Control, Comm, on Nat. Resources, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, U.S. Gov t Print. Office, Washington, DC, 1975. Whelpdale, D.M. (Chair) Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants A Summary Report of the Ad Hoc Committee, Atmospheric Environment Service, Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario, 1976. 

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Is a major pollutant originating from natural and man-made sources. It has been estimated that a total of about 150 million tons of NOx are emitted to the atmosphere each year, of which about 50% results from man-made sources (21). In urban areas, man-made emissions dominate, producing elevated ambient levels. Worldwide, fossil-fuel combustion accounts for about 75% of man-made NOx emissions, which Is divided equally between stationary sources, such as power plants, and mobile sources. These high temperature combustion processes emit the primary pollutant nitric oxide (NO), which Is subsequently transformed to the secondary pollutant NO2 through photochemical oxidation. 

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