Pollutants electronic devices

Environmental hazards of batteries can be briefly summarized as follows. A battery is an electrochemical device with the ability to convert chemical energy to electrical energy to provide power to electronic devices. Batteries may contain lead, cadmium, mercury, copper, zinc, lead, manganese, nickel, and lithium, which can be hazardous when incorrectly disposed. Batteries may produce the following potential problems or hazards (a) they pollute the lakes and streams as the metals... 

In the past, product-related standards in the European waste law were rare. This changed with the triumphal success of everyday electronic gadgets and the associated increase in e-scrap. The EC Directive 2002/96/EC - better known as the WEEE directive - aimed to combat the increasing amount of e-waste from electrical and electronic devices [8]. Goal is the avoidance, reduction, and environment-friendly disposal of increasing amounts of electronic waste through extended producer responsibility. This goal has been hindered by a number of pollutants that are included in the devices (RISKCYCLE). 

Our consistent need to improve our daily lives also led to unanticipated industrial developments. For example, the production of automobiles led to expansion of the oil production (or vice versa) and metal working industries, both of which account for pollution by several compounds cited on the contaminant list. The chemical processing industry has been responsible for many items we now consider the essentials of modem life. From plastics to modem electronic devices, the chemical industry has guided and benefited from developments and also exerted colinear effects on the contamination of air and water. Again, the development of remediation technologies is needed to establish an acceptable equilibrium. 

The demand for the lanthanoid metals is expected to increase with the growing demands for pollution control catalysts in motor vehicles and rechargeable batteries. Along with lithium-ion batteries, nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries find increasing applications in mobile phones, laptop computers and other portable electronic devices such as MP3 players. 

To achieve high reliability, solder materials must have high resistance to corrosive conditions such as moisture, air pollutants from industry, and oceanic environments[54]. Although corrosion of solder alloys is not currently a major problem for electronic devices used in normal environments, it may be a problem when they are used in harsh environments, such as oceanic environments. However, there is a lack of information regarding the corrosion resistance of nano-composite solders in corrosive environments. 

Alcohol fuel cells, such as direct ethanol fuel cell (DMFCs) and direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), become attractive because of high conversion efficiency, low pollution, lightweight, high power density, and applications from small power supplies for electronic devices such as PCs, notebooks, and cellular phones. In a typical alcohol fuel cell, oxidation reaction of... 

This technique detects substances qualitatively and quantitatively. The chromatogram retention time is compound-specific, and peak-height indicates the concentration of pollutant in the air. Detection systems include flame ionization, thermal conductivity and electron capture. Traditionally gas chromatography is a laboratory analysis but portable versions are now available for field work. Table 9.4 lists conditions for one such portable device. 

In the bulk form, vanadium oxides display different oxidation states and V—O coordination spheres and exhibit a broad variety of electronic, magnetic, and structural properties [96, 97], which make these materials attractive for many industrial applications. Prominent examples range from the area of catalysis, where V-oxides are used as components of important industrial catalysts for oxidation reactions [98] and environment pollution control [99], to optoelectronics, for the construction of light-induced electrical switching devices [100] and smart thermo-chromic windows. In view of the importance of vanadium oxides in different technological applications, the fabrication of this material in nanostructured form is a particularly attractive goal. 

The main aims of this chapter are to provide estimates for the amounts of pollutants emitted from processed electronic waste (e-waste) and assess the magnitudes of human exposure to these pollutants. Specifically in this chapter, e-waste is defined as the sum of discarded personal computers, electronic/electrical equipment, electronic entertainment devices, cell phones, television sets, and refrigerators. In another word, e-waste explicitly refers to electronics at their end of life cycle and disposed by end users rather than surplus electronics (brand new products). In addition, e-waste also does not include reusable (e.g., repairable electronics or second hand electronics) and secondary scraps (e.g., noble metals, plastics, and rubbers). 

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