Nutritional diseases

Peptidyl hydroxyprohne and hydroxylysine are formed by hydroxylation of peptidyl proline or lysine in reactions catalyzed by mixed-function oxidases that require vitamin C as cofactor. The nutritional disease scurvy reflects impaired hydroxylation due to a deficiency of vitamin C. 

Thiamine deficiency Is often seen as a nutritional disease In populations whose sole food source Is polished rice, resulting In beriberi. 

Complete lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the diets of humans and other primates leads to a classic disease, scurvy. This nutritional disease, which was probably the first to be recognized, was widespread in Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but it is rare today. 

K. Y. Guggenheim, Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases , DC Heath and Company, Lexington, MA, 1981. 

Some of the dreaded nutritional diseases of the past — such as scurvy, pellagra, and pernicious anemia — are discussed in this book. Such contemporary problems as infectious diarrhea, xerophthalmia, protein/energy malnutrition, and folate deficiency are discussed, as are diabetes and cardiovascular disease, two of the most sigf cant nutrition-related diseases. The last two conditions can be controlled in part by dietary intervention. 

Cynober LA, ed. Amino acid metabolism in health St nutritional disease. Boca Raton CRC Press, 1995. 

Although the cost-benefit analysis of nutrition intervention is weak, the issue that seems clear is that malnutrition is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in numerous disease states and clinical settings. Furthermore, it is likely that improved patient outcomes can be achieved by a systematic approach to identify the presence of risk factors for malnutrition, quantitate the degree of malnutrition, and initiate nutrition management. The clinician s responsibilities in the management of nutrition disease include the following ... 

This chapter is concerned with the biochemical and pathological (morphologic) alterations that occur in cells, tissues, and organs of animals fed a diet deficient in L-tryptophan. Such deficiency disease may be induced in experimental animals by causing a single nutrient to be lacking in the diet. Such conditions are infrequently encountered in naturally occurring nutritional disease of animals and humans. Under most circumstances multiple deficiencies exist, which makes the interpretation complex. Also, the induction... 

F2. Follis, R. H., Jr., The pathology of nutrition disease. C. C Thomas, Spring-field, Illinois, 1948. 

Niacin is found in fish, lean nneat, legunres, milk, and whole-grain and enriched cereals. The RDA for niacin is 20 mg per day. Niacin deficiency leads to dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death. The most common illness that develops from niacin deficiency is pellagra, a form of dermatitis. This nutritional disease is found where corn is abundant in the diet and meat is scarce. 

Humans lacking vitamins will develop nutritional diseases. 

Key words tuna, broodstock, larvae, Thunnini, nutrition, disease, maturation, hormone induction, spawning, nursery production, hatchery environment. 

Some elements, for example calcium and molybdenum, may interfere with the absorption, transport, function, storage or excretion of other elements. There are many ways in which minerals may interact, but the three major ways involve the formation of unabsorbable compounds, competition for metabolic pathways and the induction of metal-binding proteins. The interaction of minerals with each other is an important factor in animal nutrition, and an imbalance of mineral elements -as distinct from a simple deficiency - is important in the aetiology of certain nutritional disorders of farm animals. The use of radioactive isotopes in recent years has advanced our knowledge of mineral nutrition, although there are many nutritional diseases associated with minerals whose exact causes are still unknown. 

The measurement of thiamine levels in human tissue other than blood is limited to biopsy or autopsy samples. This limitation translates into high sample variability due to factors such as age and nutritional, disease and medication status. Another limitation associated with measurement of thiamine in human tissue is the biological instability of thiamine derivatives. Because the turnover time of TTP is approximately one hour, significant hydrolysis can occur during extended delays between death and sample retrieval, preparation, and storage (Bettendorff et al. 1996a). 

Christie (1987) discussed various functions of lipids as follow their involvement in disturbances of lipid metabolism associated with specific lipid disorders accumulation of various neutral, complex, and conjugated lipids in coronary artery and heart disease the role of lipids in nutrition, disease, and human welfare the importance of fats and oils as agricultural products and as major items in international trade the role of fats as a major dietary component and supplier of calories for humans in developed countries and the contribution that fats make to the taste and structure of foods. Ando and Saito (1987) contributed a review on TLC and HPTLC lipid analysis of normal and pathological tissues associated with specific lipidoses and gangliosidoses. 

De SK, McMaster MT, Dey SK, Andrews GK (1989) Cell-specific metallothionein gene expression mouse decidua and placentae. Development 107 611-621 De SK, Enders GC, Andrews GK (1991) High levels of metallothionein mRNAs in male germ cells of the adult mouse. Mol Endocrinol 5 628-636 Dorian C, Gattone II VH, Klaassen CD (1992) Renal cadmium deposition and injury as a result of accumulation of cadmium-metallothionein (Cd-MT) by the proximal convoluter tubules. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 114 173-181 Dudley RE, Gammal LM, Klaassen CD (1985) Cadmium-induced hepatic and renal injury in chronically exposed rats likely role of hepatic cadmium-metallothionein in nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 77 414-426 Ershoff BH (1948) Conditioning factors in nutritional disease. Physiol Rev 28 107-137... 

In 1934 the Danish scientist Dam discovered that a nutritional disease of chicks, which was characterized by severe bleeding, could be cured by a variety of foodstuffs, including alfalfa (lucerne grass) and putrefying fishmeal. The active principle was isolated and given the name Koagulations Vitamin or vitamin K. 

Figures 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38, and 38a are from The Pathology of Nutritional Diseases by R. H. Follis, by courtesy of R. H. Follis and Blackwell Scientific Publications. Figures 33, 34, 35, and 36 are by courtesy of V. Ramalingaswami and H. M. Sinclair.

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