Rice polishing

F6. Funk, C., Studies on beriberi. Chemistry of the vitamin fraction from yeast and rice polishings. J. Physiol. 46, 173-179 (1913). 

Casimir Funk had come from Poland to the Lister Institute in London, England to investigate the chemical nature of the substance in rice-polishings (rice bran) that cured or prevented polyneuritis in birds, a disease closely related to beri-beri in humans. His research in this subject coupled with his awareness of what were becoming known as diet-related diseases, the deficiency diseases, led to his review article of 1912 in which he coined the term, vitamine. Vitamine, to Funk, was actually a variety of chemical substances, organic amines, that acted selective-... 

Eijkman. Beri-beri induced in fowl by feeding polished rice, and corrected by an alcoholic extract from rice polishings. 

Progress in isolation of the vitamins was slow, principally because of a lack of interest. According to R. R. Williams, when he started his work on isolation of the antiberiberi factor in 1910 most people were convinced that his efforts were doomed to failure, so ingrained was Pasteur s idea that diseases were caused only by bacteria. In 1926, Jansen isolated a small amount of thiamin, but it was not until 1933 that Williams, working almost without financial support, succeeded in preparing a large amount of the crystalline compound from rice polishings. Characterization and synthesis followed rapidly.c d... 

Nicotinic acid was prepared in 1867 by oxidation of nicotine. Although it was later isolated by Funk and independently by Suzuki in 1911-1912 from yeast and rice polishings, it was not recognized as a vitamin. Its biological significance was established in 1935 when nicotinamide was identified as a component of NAD+ by von Euler and associates and of NADP+ by Warburg and Christian.3 Both forms of the vitamin are stable, colorless compounds highly soluble in water. 

In 1934, Gyorgy cured a dermatitis in rats (not due to vitamins Bj or B2) with a yeast extract factor, In 1938, Lepkovsky isolated a similar factor from nee bran extract. In that same year. Keresztesy and Stevens isolated and crystallized pure (, from rice polishings. Also, in the same year, Kohn, Wendt, and Westphal synthesized pyridoxine and gave pyridoxine its present name. In the following year (1939). Stiller, Keresztesy, and Stevens established the structure of the vitamin, In 194 5, Snell observed pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. The recognition of and establishment of B5 requirements in humans was not achieved until 1953, by Snyderman et al. 

Jansen and Donath isolated vitamin B, (thiamine) from rice polishings. 

Singh, K.K., Rastogi, R., and Hasan, S.H. 2005. Removal of cadmium from wastewater using agricultural waste rice polish. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 121(l-3) 51-8. 

A lack of thiamine in the diet causes the disease beri-beri, a nerve disease which in past years was common in the Orient, just before 1900 it was found by Eijkman in Java that beri beri occurred as a consequence of a diet consisting largely of polished rice, and that it could be cured by adding the rice polishings to the diet. In 1911 Casimir Funk assumed that beri-beri and similar diseases were due to a substance present in a satisfactory diet and missing from a deficient... 

It is present in yeast, liver, rice polishings, and other plant and animal foods, and is also produced synthetically. It has the power of stimulating growth, and of preventing skin eruptions (dermatitis). 

The idea that the birds had some form of beriberi was rejected by Eijkman s colleagues. His explanation for the cure was that the polished rice had some toxin in it which the unpolished rice did not have. This explanation was rejected by a fellow researcher, Gerrit Grijns (1865-1944), who also stayed on to study the disease after the commission had already left. He found that when the chickens were taken off the rice diet completely and feed with meat instead, they did not develop the characteristic paralysis, but if the meat were overcooked, then the condition would reappear. In 1901 Grijns showed that beriberi could be cured by putting the rice polishings back into the rice. 

Beriberi associated with the consumption of polished rice diets was once widespread in the East, it still occurs in rural parts of Stmthea.st Asia. The thiamin deficiency arises from an overdependence on polished rice. Polished rice is the result of removal, during milling, of the rice bran which contains thiamin. 

In 1912, Funk described a substance, present in rice polishings and in foods, that cured polyneuritis in birds and beriberi in humans. This substance was referred to as vium-ine becau.se it was characterized as an amine and as a vital nuuitional component. After other food factors were noted to be vital nutritional components that were not amines and did not even contain nitrogen. Drummond. suggested the modification that led to the term viiamin. McCollum and... 

Thiamin (vitamin B ) Thiaminepyro- phosphate Decarboxylation and aldehyde groups (i) Pyrimidine (ii) Thiazole (III) Pyrimidine + Thiazole (iv) Thiamine Rice polishings Wheat germ Yeast... 

Pytidoaal (vitamin B ) Pyrldoxal phosphate Amino group and decarboxylation (i) Pyridoxine (ii) Pyridoxamine or pyridoxal fiii) Pyridoxal phosphate PtnlcUlium spent mycelium Yeast Rice polishings Cere Wheat seeds Maize seeds Cornsteep liquor Cottonseed flour... 

Vitamin B, Rice polishings Vitamin B, Alcohol-water ... 

Aneurin 28 (thiamine, vitamin Bi) occurs in yeast, in rice polishings and in various cereals (cf. p 154). Aneurin is prepared commercially by various synthetic methods [144]. 

Ans. Beriberi was once thought to be an infectious disease. It is characterized by neurological disorders. The disease was unknown until the early 19th century when rice polishing machines were invented. These machines removed the brown outer hull of the rice seed. The cure was discovered when the addition of the outer hull to the diet completely reversed the symptoms. The critical component of rice hulls is thiamin, which is the cofactor in decarboxylations. The blood of those having the deficiency contains elevated levels of pyruvate, which must be decarboxylated in order to enter the TCA cycle. 

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