Rice polish extracts

Eijkman. Beri-beri induced in fowl by feeding polished rice, and corrected by an alcoholic extract from rice polishings. 

In 1934, Gyorgy cured a dermatitis in rats (not due to vitamins Bj or B2) with a yeast extract factor, In 1938, Lepkovsky isolated a similar factor from nee bran extract. In that same year. Keresztesy and Stevens isolated and crystallized pure (, from rice polishings. Also, in the same year, Kohn, Wendt, and Westphal synthesized pyridoxine and gave pyridoxine its present name. In the following year (1939). Stiller, Keresztesy, and Stevens established the structure of the vitamin, In 194 5, Snell observed pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. The recognition of and establishment of B5 requirements in humans was not achieved until 1953, by Snyderman et al. 

Grijns and many others after him have attempted to extract and isolate the antineuritic substance from rice polishings. Of the early attempts those of Funk attracted most notice. He made use of extraction with dilute acid or acidified alcohol. His conclusion of 1912, that the substance would be a pyrimidine base, prompted his naming it vitamine ( an organic base essential for hfe ) . But the active product he isolated still only contained very little of this principle. 

Soaices.—The most potent sources of vitamin are concentrates prepared from yeast, wheat-germ or rice-polishings. Satisfactoiy food sources are entire cereals (the vitamin is located chiefly in the germ and the bran), nuts, leguminous seeds and malt extract. Fresh vegetables, fruits and animal products, such as cheese, eggs, fish roe, kidney, liver and milk, are moderately rich in the vitamin. 

In 1912 a Polish scientist C. Frank pubhshed a paper in Journal of Physiology, in which he also reported an extracted compormd from rice bran with the same procedrrre as Srrzrrki reported and rramed the extracted substance Vitamin (which means vital amine). The comporrrrd is the same as that found by Srrzrrki. The Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1929 was awarded to C. Eijkman and F. G. Hopkirrs for their discovery and contributiorrs to Vitamin, but it is obvious that the discoverer of Vitamin is SrrzuM. Vitamin A was isolated in 1914, fom years after the discovery of Oryzanin Vitamin Bf... 

The actual origin of beriberi was however discovered by the Dutchman Christiaan Eijk-man (1858-1930) at a military hospital of the Dutch colony of Java in 1896, and he thereby provided the basis ofvitaminology (Fig. 7.5). [5] He recognised that rice, as such, did not make the patients and staff ill, but polished rice , which had been mechanically freed from the rice bran. Eijkman suspected an indispensable nutrient in the rice bran, since it emerged that the bran, or extracts from it, cured beriberi. The chance observation, that chickens Gallusgallus domesticus) at the hospital (which were fed with polished rice, because their usual feed had run out) developed characteristic symptoms of a beriberi-like illness, led Eijkman to the conclusion, that poultry could also be taken iU with beriberi. Thus, for the first time, experimental researching into beriberi was possible. 

The plant owners claim that CO2 extraction process has added advantage that the treatment of brown rice removes the surface fat, which extends the shelf life, because this fat becomes easily oxidized and usually contains most of the pesticides. Furthermore, the cooking time of the brown rice is reduced, the rice is softened, and retains all vitamins and trace elements, that is, maintain a higher nutrition value, which is not the case for white, polished rice. 

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