PODOPHYLLUM PODOPHYLLIN

Podophyllum Basin. U.S.P. (Podophyllin) is prepared from the dried rhizome and roots of Podophyllum peltatum (may apple, mandrake), a plant used by native peoples. An amorphous greenish-yellow powder, with a slight peculiar odor and faintly bitter taste, its active constituents are a resin and a crystalline principle, podophyllotoxin. The dose of the resin is 0.01 to 0.065 g, 1/6 to 1 grain. It is very irritating to mucous membranes, especially of the eyes. 

Podophyllum peltatum (may apple, or American mandrake) and P. emodi are. respectively, American and Himalayan plants, widely separated geographically but used in both places as cathartics in folk medicine (94). An alcoholic extract of the rhizome known as podophyllin was included in many pharmacopoeias for its gastrointestinal effects it was included in the U.S.P., for example, from 1820 to 1942. At about this time the beneficial effect of podophyllin, applied topically to benign tumors known as condylomata acuminata, was demonstrated clinically (96). This usage was not inspirational, given that there are records of topical application in the treatment of cancer by the Penobscot Indians of Maine and, subsequently, by various medical practitioners in the United States from the 19th century (96). The crude resinous podophyllin is an irritant and unpleasant mixture unsuited to systemic administration. 

Etoposide and teniposide are semisynthetic derivatives of podophyllin, which was originally isolated from the root of the Indian podophyllum plant. They inhibit topoisomerase II and are dealt with in a separate monograph. 

The resin product obtained by extraction of the dried roots and rhizomes of the North American plant Podophyllum peltatum L. (the American mandrake or mayapple) and of the related Indian species Podophyllum emodi Wall. Ex Royle is known as podophyllin and has long been known to possess medicinal properties. The major active substance in podophyllin is the lignan lactone podophyllotoxin (7) although a variety of other lignans and lignan glycosides have also been isolated from podophyllin. ... 

Podophyllum resin Podophylline MD Only aglycones due to extraction procedures >20% podophyllotoxin, (X-, (3-pellatines, desoxy and dehydropo dophyll i ne ... 

Podophyllin (podophyllum resin) is a mixture of chemicals from the plant Podophyllum peltatum (mandrake or May apple). The major constituent of the resin is podophyllotoxin (podofilox). It binds to microtubules and causes mitotic arrest in metaphase. Podophyllum resin (10 0%) is applied and left in place for 2-6 hours weekly for the treatment of anogenital warts. Irritation and ulcerative local reactions are the major side effects. It should not be used in the mouth or during pregnancy. Podofilox (CONDYLOX, others) is available as a 0.5% solution for application twice daily for 3 consecutive days. Weekly cycles may be repeated. 

The epipodophyllotoxins (Fig. 42.38) are semisynthetic glycosidic derivatives of podophyllotoxin, the major component of the resinous podophyllin isolated from the dried roots of the American mandrake or mayapple plant (Podophyllum peltatum). Although these compounds are capable of binding to tubulin and inhibiting mitosis, their primary mechanism of antineoplastic action is poisioning topoisomerase II, a mechanism that they share... 

Balucani, M., and D.D. Zellers. 1964. Podophyllum resin poisoning with complete recovery. /. Am. Med. Assoc. 189(8) 639-640. Bargman, H. 1988. Is podophyllin a safe drug to use and can it be used during pregnancy Arch. Dermatol. 124(11) 1718-1720. 

Podocarp-8(14)-en-15-oic acid, 13a-methyl-13-vinyl-. See Pimaric acid Podophyllin Podophyllotoxin Podophyllum. See Podophyllum resin Podophyllum resin... 

Podophyllin is derived from dried rhizomes and roots of Podophyllum peltatum (Berberidaceae), a plant originating in the forests of central and eastern United States. 

Podophyllin—Podophyllum peltatum Jalap—Exogonlum purga... 

Indian podophyllin obtained similarly from Indian podophyllum (rhizome and roots of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, also known as P. emodi Wall.) is now more widely used. 

Podophyllin or podophyllum resin is the alcohol-soluble and water-insoluble resinous material present in podophyllum in 3-6%. Due to the method of preparation, podophyllin generally contains little or no lignan glucosides. Most of the active principles present are the lignan aglycones consisting of about 20% podophyllotoxin, 13% P-peltatin,... 

Crude (podophyllum) and resin (podophyllin) both are official in U.S.P. Current U.S.P. standards do not specify contents or identities of active principles, and strengths (see glossary) of podophyllin usually vary, depending on suppliers. 

In addition to the approach outlined in Scheme 4, several other approaches to the synthesis of glycofuranosides have been reported during the past year. Hanessian and Banoub have used cyclic amide acetals derived from vicinal diols as the source of the aglycone in condensations with l-0-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-0-benzoyl-jS-D-ribofuranose in the presence of stannic chloride (Scheme 5). Disaccharide derivatives are obtained when the cyclic amide acetal is derived from carbohydrate vicinal diols (Scheme 6), and selective methanolysis of the formate ester exposed an hydroxy-group that can be subjected to further manipulation or glycosylation. 2,3,5-Tri-0-benzoyl-a)8-L-arabinofuranosyl bromide or chloride has been condensed with 4-nitrophenyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-a-L-arabinofuranoside to yield, after deacylation, 4-nitrophenyl 5-O-a-L-arabinofuranosyl-a-L-arabino-furanoside, with jS-peltatin A [isolated from podophyllin Podophyllum peltatum)] in glycosidation of the phenolic 8-OH group in an attempt to reduce... 

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