Plate anchorage

Cone-and-plate viscometers have been employed to study shear effects in both suspended (e.g. [138]) and anchorage dependent [122] mammalian cells. These devices have the advantage of requiring only small sample volumes ( lml). However, they are generally inappropriate for plant cell suspensions due to the larger cell and aggregate sizes. 

Blast loaded structures produce high reaction loads at column supports. This usually requires substantial base plates as well as high capacity anchor bolts. Achieving full anchorage of these bolts is of primary importance and will usually require headed bolts or plates at the embedded end of the bolts to prevent pullout. When anchor bolts are securely anchored into concrete, the failure mechanism is a ductile, tensile failure of the bolt steel. Insufficient edge distance or insufficient spacing between bolts results in a lower anchorage capacity and a brittle failure mode. 

Outserts are large machined metal plates with holes and other anchorages onto which a plastic is locally overmoulded to ensure specific functions. The metal plate brings high rigidity and the plastic ensures insulation, frictional properties, damping... This technique cuts the assembly costs of numerous small plastic parts. 

The growth vessel and some supplements are determined by whether the cells are grown attached or in suspension. When the cells are anchorage dependent, they can be grown in plates or flasks. As serum is reduced, it may be necessary to add attachment factors to the culture. For cells grown in suspension in spinner flasks or fermenters, non-ionic surfactants (F68) that increase viscosity may be needed to minimize shear stress caused by agitation. 

The method for animal cell culture is chosen according to whether the cell type is anchorage dependent or independent. For anchorage dependent cells, the cells must adhere to suitable material such as a plastic or glass dish or plate. As shown in Table 7, several types of culture methods were... 

This section outlines the wind design procedures for both of these standards. Wind design is used to determine the forces and moments at each elevation to check if the calculated shell thicknesses are adequate. The overturning moment at tlie base is used to determine all of the anchorage and support details. These details include the number and size of anchor bolts, thickness of skirt, size of legs, and thickness of base plates. 

Do not anchor the saddle plate to the bolster plate or the railway bed. The saddle plate must be free to rotate on the bolster plate. Only the bolster plate is anchored to the railway bed. The most common means of anchoring the bolster plate to the railway bed is welding. Design anchorage for a load of... 

Where a rectangular cross-section must be strengthened with CFRP L-shaped strips, anchorage in the flange, as with a T-section, is not possible. In such cases, the peeling-off failure mode is expected. Here, the use of eqn 4.34 is recommended to determine the design value for maximum strain in the CFRP plates. Equations 4.33 and 4.34 give the FRP fracture strain. 

Tensioning the membrane surface usually involves connection to a system of masts, cables, belts, clamps, plates and anchorages. As the means of connection of the surface may affect its form and behaviour, simple flexible minimal boundary elements are preferred. As well as influencing the structural performance of the membrane surface, often the quality of installation and connection details, and the way in which they relate to the membrane surface, determines the architecturaFaesthetic success or failure of the realised design. 

Steel rods or plates should be protected against corrosion, especially when used with acidic timbers like oak. Stainless steel or hot dip zinc coated steel are frequently used. Stainless steel may give poor adhesion and, therefore, it is normally surface coated for improved roughness and adhesion. If hot dip zinc coated steel rods or bars are used, the application of a priming product to improve adhesion is normally required. Threaded rods or ribbed bars and textured plates may be used instead, and in this case the mechanical anchorage will also contribute to the bonding strength. Surface preparation is particularly critical in uncoated steel and it should... 

The Equivalent Area Method is also known as file Shifted Neutral Axis Method . This procedure is in contrast with the Centered Neutral Axis Method which assumes that the neutral axis is on the centerline. The Centered Neutral Axis Method is easier to apply but also results in a conservative anchorage design. The Equivalent Area method is more accurate and will result in reduced anchorage requirements. Both methods are used to determine the anchorage requirements and the base plate details of a vertical vessel supported on a skirt. 

To prevent the end-zone debonding of the FRP soffit plate, special anchorage schemes are used. Relatively rigid steel plates placed over FRP plate and epoxy bonded to both the plate and the RC member surface or the use of U-shaped FRP strips formed by a wet lay-up process are the common types of end anchorage (Figure 5.16). 

Until very recently, the most pultruded FRP plates on the market were unidirectional (UD). However, a new generation of bi-directional (BD) pultruded FRP plates is now available which make it possible to anchor the FRP soffit plates directly onto the RC member surface by anchor bolts. A detailed summary of different anchorage schemes and experimental results are given by Hollaway and Mays [49]. 

In practical applications, mechanical end-zone anchorage of the FRP plate must be considered whenever possible. In some practical situations, end-zone anchorage in the form of FRP U strips may not be possible or effective as in the case of wide and/or shallow beams. 

The idea in this scheme is to arrest the required anchorage force in the end zone by first transferring it to the steel plate glued over the FRP and then anchoring it to concrete base by anchor bolts and as contact stresses between the plate and the concrete base. 

Garden H N, Quantrill R J, Hollaway L C, Thome A M and Parke GAR (1998), An experimental study of the anchorage length of carbon fibre composite plates used to strengthen reinforced concrete beams , Constr Build Mater, 12(4), 203-219. 

Peel failure at the termination of the plate due to high normal stresses to the plate. These will cause the plate to peel off towards the centre of the beam this is known as end anchorage peel and will generally... 

Chen, J. F. and Teng, J. G. (2001), Anchorage strength models for FRP and steel plates bonded to concrete , Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 127, Issue 7, pp. 784-791. 

Aei = loaded area of the anehorage plate Aco = Anchorage area of the concrete block or block of material... 

A fixed anchorage-consisting of a rectangular steel plate drilled to receive the individual button-headed wires seated directly on this plate. A thin cover plate retains the button heads during fixing. 

With this anchorage, the prestressing force is transferred to the concrete through the plate. Type F anchorages are normally used in connection with movable anchorages of the Type B series.if there are. several tendons in one part of a structure.it is advisable to put half the Type F anchorages at one end and half at the other. 

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