Manufacturing plastics

Uses of ammonia and ammonium compounds. Most of the ammonia produced is used in the manufaeture of nitrogenous fertilisers such as ammonium sulphate. Other uses include nitric acid and synthetic fibre and plastic manufacture. 

Titanium Tetrachloride. The major use for titanium tetrachloride [7550 5-0] is in titanium dioxide production, and titanium dioxide [13463-67-7] is enjoying strong growth for use as a filler in pulp and paper manufacture and as a pigment in paint and plastic manufacture. Annual growth for this product is forecasted at between 2.5 and 3.0% through 1992. 

HDPE is one of the largest commodity plastics manufactured worldwide. Dynamics of HDPE production is represented by the following data indicating both the existing and projected demand (t/yr) (114) ... 

Most LLDPE grades are commodity plastics manufactured iu large quantities woddwide. LLDPE production is projected to iucrease tenfold over the years 1983 to 2005 (72) ... 

In plasticizer manufacture, eg, of phthalates or sebacates, uskig sulfuric or/ -toluenesulfonic acid catalysts, the temperature (140—150°C) requked for rapid reaction and high conversion may dehydrate or oxidize the alcohol and may yield a dark or foul-smelling product. Neutral titanates do not cause such side reactions. Although a temperature of 200°C is requked, esterifications can easily be forced to over 99% conversion without the formation of odors or... 

Intensive world-wide competition as first the major chemical companies in the main industrial countries entered the field of plastics manufacture, this being followed by the policy of many less industrialised countries to become involved in this area. 

ECVM r epr esents the interests of Europe s PVC producing companies. It is a division of the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe. 

A major trade association for the plastics industiy, the Council is comprised of 24 of the leading plastics manufacturers in the United States, representing 80% of the US. resin production capacity. 

Association of Petrochemicals Producers in Europe (APPE), See European Chemical hidustry Comicil (CEFIC), 256 Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME), 256 Association of Polish Producers of Paints Lacquers, 263 Association of Producers for Cosmetics and Household Chemicals, 263... 

Problem 16.21 Styrene, the simplest alkenylbenzene, is prepared commercially for use in plastics manufacture by catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. How might you prepare styrene from benzene using reactions you ve studied ... 

Kim VS, Skachkov VV (1988) Dispersion and blending as plastics manufacture processes, Khimiya, Moscow... 

Breakdown in communications between the building industry and plastic manufacturer probably accounts for a large amount of lost motion and dollars. Perhaps another major cause is the pure sales approach within any industry that, in many cases, can delay technical progress. 

Even though equipment operations have understandable but controllable variables that influence processing, the usual most uncontrollable variable in the process can be the plastic material. The degree of properly compounding or blending by the plastic manufacturer, converter, or in-house by the fabricator is important. Most additives, fillers, and/or reinforcements when not properly compounded will significantly influence processability and fabricated product performances. 

POLYMAT light can be used for time saving and comprehensive selection of materials according to a customer s application profile employment of reasonably priced alternative materials with comparable properties in plastics manufacture searching for alternative manufacturers in case of delivery problems comparison of different plastics materials for a single production task market analyses, e.g. a search for manufacturers producing PA 6 with a content of 30% carbon fibers. 

Ashland distribution company, a division of Ashland inc. http //www.ashlandchemical.com/gp.html. The General Polymers Division of Ashland Distribution Company stocks virtually every grade of prime thermoplastic resins and specialties for plastics processors. General Polymers represents and distributes product for the following plastics manufacturing businesses ... 

The use of plastics as an energy source was demonstrated on a commercial scale at ICl Materials plastics manufacturing site in Dumfries, UK. This paper covers the preparation and use of pre- and post-consumer plastics as supplementary fuels in a circulating fluidised bed boiler specially designed for co-combustion with coal. Full emissions data on the 15% mixtures of individual plastics with coal are given, together with calculations of thermal efficiencies. Measurements by an independent body (British Coal Research Establishment) confirmed that the co-combustion of coal and plastic reduces some emissions compared with coal alone. Thermal efficiencies of around 80% were achieved and this heat was used effectively during the production of plastics. 7 refs. 

Finally, it is very difficult to keep standard solutions for monitoring or recalibration purposes. Control batches should be purged and kept with a dry, inert gas. As long as results are reproduced, the system is considered to be in calibration. The relatively long extraction times usually prohibit the use of these methods for quality control analysis applications in a plastics manufacturing plant. 

The additives can be added during the polymerisation (either in the form of a reactive monomer or as an inert material — advantages include better dispersion and increased retention), but they are usually added immediately postpolymerisation of the polymer and extruded with the polymer. Often a concentrated mix with the plastic (master-batch) is prepared by the plastic manufacturer and this can be sold to the fabricators to be added during subsequent processing. 

Technical Data on Plastics, Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington, D.C., 19... 

Applied to polymers, i.e., rubbers, fibres or plastics, manufactured by a process which reforms a naturally-occurring substance, e.g., rayon from regenerated cellulose. See Synthetic. Manometer... 

In rubber processing this means the same as vacuum moulding. In plastics manufacture it refers to the use of a controlled vacuum to support and form a sheet of heat-softened material into a desired contour. 

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