Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytes

Barfod A, Persson T, Lindh J (2009) In vitro selection of RNA aptamers against a conserved region of the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein. Parasitol Res 105 1557-1566... 

Baruch, D. I., Gormely, J. A., Ma, C., Howard, R. J., and Pasloske, B. L. (1996). Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 is a parasitized erythrocyte receptor for adherence to CD36, thrombospondin, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93,3497-3502. 

Chen, Q., Heddini, A., Barragan, A., Fernandez, V., Pearce, S. F., and Wahlgren, M. (2000a). The semiconserved head structure of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 mediates binding to multiple independent host receptors. J. Exp. Med. 192,1-10. 

Inhibition of dendritic cell maturation by malaria is dose dependent and does not require Plasmodium falciparum- erythrocyte membrane protein 1. Infect. Immun. 75,3621-3632. Ellis, J., Ozaki, L. S., Gwadz, R. W., Cochrane, A. H., Nussenzweig, V., Nussenzweig, R. S., and Godson, G. N. (1983). Cloning and expression in E. coli of the malarial sporozoite surface antigen gene from Plasmodium knowlesi. Nature 302,536-538. 

Krnajski, Z., Gilberger, T. W., Walter, R. D., Cowman, A. F., and Muller, S. (2002). Thioredoxin reductase is essential for the survival of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic stages.. Biol. Chem. 277,25970-25975. 

Lobo, C. A., Rodriguez, M., Reid, M., and Lustigman, S. (2003). Glycophorin C is the receptor for the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte binding ligand PfEBP-2 (baebl). Blood 101, 4628-4631. 

Mayer, D. C., Jiang, L., Achur, R. N., Kakizaki, I., Gowda, D. C., and Miller, L. H. (2006). The glycophorin C N-linked glycan is a critical component of the ligand for the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte receptor BAEBL. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103,2358-2362. 

Smith, J. D., Subramanian, G., Gamain, B., Baruch, D. I., and Miller, L. H. (2000a). Classification of adhesive domains in the Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 family. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 110,293-310. 

Waterkeyn, J. G., Wickham, M. E., Davern, K. M., Cooke, B. M., Coppel, R. L., Reeder, J. C., Culvenor, J. G., Waller, R. F., and Cowman, A. F. (2000). Targeted mutagenesis of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 3 (PfEMP3) disrupts cytoadherence of malaria-infected red blood cells. EMBO ]. 19, 2813-2823. 

Yano, K., Komaki-Yasuda, K., Kobayashi, T., Takemae, H., Kita, K., Kano, S., and Kawazu, S. (2005). Expression of mRNAs and proteins for peroxiredoxins in Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic stage. Parasitol. Int. 54,35 1. 

Moreno Sabater A, Moreno M, Moreno FJ, Eguiluz C, van Rooijen N, Benito A. Experimental infection of immunomodulated NOD/LtSz-SCID mice as a new model for Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic stages. Parasitol Res 2005 95 97-105. 

Chen Q, Barragan A, Fernandez V, Sundstrom A, Schlichtherle M, Sahlen A, Carlson J, Datta S, Wahlgren M (1998) Identification of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMPl) as the resetting ligand of the malaria parasite P. falciparum. J Exp Med 187 15-23. 

Gowda, A.S.P., Madhunapantula, S.V., Achur, R.N., Valiyaveettil, M., Bhavanandan, V.P., and Gowda, D. C. (2007) Structural basis for the adherence of plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to chon-droitin 4-sulfate and design of novel photoactivable reagents for the identification of parasite adhesive proteins./. Biol. Chem. 282, 916-928. 

Ho, M., Schollaardt, T., Niu, X., Looareesuwan, S., Patel, K. D., and Kubes, P. (1998). Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum-mfected erythrocyte and P-selectin interaction under flow conditions. Blood 91, 4803-4809. 

Iron(n) is known to decompose hydrogen and dialkyl peroxides to free radicals by reductive cleavage of the 0—0 bond and early investigations established the parasite s sensitivity to these species. When treated with radiolabelled C-artemisinin, the hemin-hemozoin fraction of the lysed malaria-infected erythrocytes was shown to contain a radiolabel, though the mechanism of incorporation is not clear. Meshnick and coworkers demonstrated that uninfected cells did not contain radiolabelled proteins whereas six radiolabelled proteins were isolated from cells infected with the Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) strain of the parasite. It was suspected that one of the alkylated proteins was the Histidine Rich Protein (HRP) that was known to bind multiple heme monomers and therefore thought to be instrumental to the parasite s detoxification process. Moreover, iron chelators were found to inhibit the lethal effects of peroxides on the parasite. ... 

Mecfianism of Action An antimalarial and antirheumatic that eliminates tissue exo-erythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum. Disrupts mitochondria and binds to DNA. Therapeutic Effect Inhibits parasite growth. 

Fayer R (1997) Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL Feagin JE, Drew ME (1995) Plasmodium falciparum alterations in organelle transcript abundance during the erythrocytic cycle. Exp Parasitol 80 430-440 Fenchel T, Perry T, Thane A (1977) Anaerobiosis and symbiosis with bacteria in free-living abates. J Protozool 24 154-163... 

Plasmodium falciparum (2 isozymes [4] from human erythrocytes [4])... 

Noteberg, D., Hamelink, E., Hulten, J., Wahlgren, M., Vrang, L. etal, Design and synthesis of Plasmepsin I and Plasmepsin Ii inhibitors with activity in Plasmodium Falciparum-infected cultured human erythrocytes,... 

Chloroquine destroys schizonts in erythrocytes by interfering with DNA synthesis. The phosphate salts are active orally, whereas the hydrochloride salt is used for intravenous purposes. It accumulates in normal and parasitized erythrocytes. Overdosage has caused reversible corneal damage and permanent retinal damage. In toxic doses, chloroquine causes visual disturbances, hyperexcitability, convulsions, and heart block. It is an antimalarial of choice in all cases except chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. In addition, it has a certain degree of effectiveness in amebiasis and in the late stages of rheumatoid arthritis. 

Oquendo P., Hundt E., Lawler J. and Seed B. (1989) CD36 directly mediates cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitized erythrocytes. Cell 58, 95-101. 

Udomsangpetch R., Pipitaporn B., Silamut K., Pinches R., Kyes S., Looareesuwan S., Newbold C. and White N. J. (2002) Febrile temperatures induce cytoadherence of ring-stage Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99, 11825-11829. 

Hossain ME, Dhawan S, Mohmmed A (2012) The cysteine-rich regions of Plasmodium falciparum RON2 bind with host erythrocyte and AMA1 during merozoite invasion. Parasitol Res 110(5) 1711- 1721... 

Dvorin JD, Martyn DC, Patel SD et al (2010) A plant-like kinase in Plasmodium falciparum regulates parasite egress from erythrocytes. Science 328(5980) 910-912... 

Nunes MC, Okada M, Scheidig-Benatar C et al (2010) Plasmodium falciparum FIKK kinase members target distinct components of the erythrocyte membrane. PLoS One 5(7/ell747... 

Roth EF Jr, Calvin MC, Max-Audit I et al (1988) The enzymes of the glycolytic pathway in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. Blood 72(6) 1922-1925... 

Kanaani J, Ginsburg H (1989) Metabolic interconnection between the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and its host erythrocyte. Regulation of ATP levels by means of an adenylate translocator and adenylate kinase. J Biol Chem 264(6) 3194-3199... 

BenMohamed L, Thomas A, Bossus M, Brahimi K, Wubben J, Gras-Masse H, Druilhe P (2000) High immunogenicity in chimpanzees of peptides and lipopeptides derived from four new Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic molecules. Vaccine 18(25) 2843-2855... 

For the determination of the antiplasmodial activity of the compounds, the multi-resistant Dd2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum was used and [8-3H]-hypoxanthine incorporated into the parasitic nucleic acids measured. The plasmodia were incubated with 0.3% parasitemia and an erythrocyte hematocrit of 2.5% in the presence of different concentrations of selected experimental agents in a final volume of 200 xl. The medium employed was RPMI 1640 containing 10% of heat-treated human serum and 3 mg/1 of gentamycin. In the incubations, the concentrations of the compounds varied from 0.3 to 100 xM. After 48 hours, each batch was treated with 50 xl [8-3H]hypoxanthine and incubated additional 18 hours. Testing results are provided in Table 1. 

DuttaP (1991) Enhanced uptake and metabolism of riboflavin in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of Protozoology 38,479-83. 

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