Plant toxicity

Occupational hygiene and health surveillance at industrial timber pre-treatment plants Toxic woods... 

The traditional safety engineering approach to accident causation focuses on the individual rather than the system causes of error. Errors are primarily seen as being due to causes such as lack of motivation to behave safely, lack of discipline or lack of knowledge of what constitutes safe behavior. These are assumed to give rise to "unsafe acts." These unsafe acts, in combination with "unsafe situations" (e.g., imguarded plant, toxic substances) are seen as the major causes of accidents. 

There are, of course, many plants toxic to animals which also may cause dermatitis. Such properties in principle are not necessarily related to allelopathy. 

After all the answers from the interviews had been uploaded, an expert analysed each supply chain for each of the seven defined criteria for quality and safety microbial toxins and abiotic contaminants potential pathogens natural plant toxicants freshness and taste nutrient content and food additives fraud social and ethical aspects. For example, an expert on freshness and taste would check each major step in a supply chain for tomatoes to determine if it fulfilled the definition of a CCP (HACCP, Principle 2) in relation to freshness and taste for this commodity. If the step was considered to be a CCP, the answers in the questionnaire that related to relevant substeps at this step would be reviewed, to assess the control procedures that were in use for this CCP. The expert would then fill in the text field, structuring the input to consist of the following points ... 

Patocka Jiri, and Ladislav Streda. "Plant Toxic Proteins and Their Current Significance for Warfare and Medicine." Journal of Applied Biomedicine 1 (2003) 141-47. 

Benzene aerosols, 48, 60, 68, 78 Bioassay tedinique, to determine plant toxicity, 549-50... 

In 1977, he published his last original paper on the structure of a quercetin triglycoside containing D-apiose, isolated from Solatium glaucophy-lum a plant toxic to cattle. In spite of this, his extraordinary capacity as a reader allowed him to remain up to date in a great variety of topics, not only in those of direct interest to him but in those that were studied by several graduate students working under different supervisors. 

Terrestrial plant toxicity OECD 208 No effects at the highest concentration... 

Davy M. 2001. Terrestrial plant tests and evaluation. In FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Open Meeting June 27 to 29, 2001 review of non-target plant toxicity tests under NAFTA. Washington (DC) USEPA, OSCP. 

Beryllium Power generating plants Toxic, carcino-genic( ) 4 ppb... 

For killing undesirable plants and for protecting crops against insect pests, it is highly desirable to understand the properties of the petroleum oils which are responsible for plant toxicity. 

Nevertheless, in food plants such as potatoes, toxicants regularly reach such high levels that a single meal can cause unpleasant symptoms in sensitive persons, although serious cases (more than a few hours of nausea and/or diarrhoea) are extremely rare, and no cases have been reported in developed countries for more than two decades (Percival and Dixon 1997). Many of the plant toxicants are phytoalexins, which means that they accumulate in varying amounts in response to mechanical damage, an infection or other stress conditions, so the concentrations within the same plant often vary by more than a factor of 100 depending on plant age and sample site (Morrissey and Osbourn 1999). 

Regarding the compositional differences shown for animal products, whether they are important for health depends, as for the plants, on the overall composition of the diet of the people who eat them. The vitamin E content in milk is far too small for relevant differences to affect health (Nielsen ef al. 2004), and too little is known about the dose-response relations of the impact of conjugated linoleic acids on health. However, the increased vitamin E level may still be important to prevent oxidation of the fat, a problem that can be exacerbated by increased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Dhiman ef al. 1999, Nielsen ef al. 2004). However, while oxidised milk is clearly not good for health, its rancid taste and smell allows detection and rejection before consumption and thus prevents harm to health, similar to plant toxicants. Also in line with the plants, while the use of roughage is clearly more extensive in organic farming, some conventional farmers use almost identical feed compositions and are therefore likely to produce the same quality of products in this respect. 

Aquatic animals were less sensitive to the triazines than were aquatic plants. Toxicity to fish and arthropods varied, with fish or crustaceans sharing the position of most sensitive aquatic animal, depending on the herbicide. In the case of atrazine, arthropods were generally more sensitive than fish. Ratios of the 10th centiles between animals and plants were varied. The animal/plant ratio for atrazine (arthropods) was 24, while hexazinone was 202800. The hexazinone data were from a small data set, and the atrazine data were for arthropods and could not be compared to data for the other triazines. However, the ratios for the other triazines also varied over an order of magnitude, from 176 for prometon to 1688 for prometryn. Since the molecular weights of the triazines are similar, one would expect their... 

TMN. 1987. Survey finds little dioxin at control sites Industry finds trace amounts in paper products and highest levels at pesticide plants. Toxic Materials News. September 30, 301. 

Rothschild M. (1972) Some observations on the relationship between plants, toxic insects and birds. In Phytochemical Ecology, ed. J. B. Harborne, pp. 2-12. Academic Press, New York. 

Cu 0.20 element. Conservative limits recommended due to lack of knowledge on its toxicity to plants Toxic to a number of plants at 0.1—1.0 mg L-1... 

Synergists of Plant Toxicants as Selective Pest Bioregulators... 

Inhibitors of a herbivore s ability to detoxify plant toxicants may expectedly be more slow-acting than neurotoxicants such as organophosphates. Nevertheless, securance of synergists of dietary toxicants that complement activation reactions and inhibit detoxification reactions in the targeted pests will have potential for IPM, since they should be compatible or moreover, augment plant antibiosis, natural enemies and concurrently used pesticides. 

Inhibition of ceramide synthase could cause symptoms by depletion of ceramide and ceramide derivatives or by toxic increases in sphinganine and its derivatives. The effects of these phytotoxins are so rapid, that it is unlikely that depletion of ceramides is responsible for cellular death. Others have invoked induction of apoptosis in the mode of action of these compounds [e.g., 6] however, treatment of plant tissues with phytoshingosine and sphinganine causes symptoms very similar to those caused by inhibition of ceramide synthase [7]. Very low levels of AAL-toxin tuid other ceramide synthase inhibitiors may cause apoptosis, but the rapidity of plasma membrtme damage at one micromolar and higher concentrations makes it unlikely that it is involved in the main phytotoxic effect. Attempts have been made to find a ceramide synthase inhibitor with good phytotoxicity, but little mammalitm toxicity [e.g., 8]. However, even inhibitors with little structural similarity to the fumonisins such as australifimgin [9], have relatively little difference between mammalian and plant toxicity. Nevertheless, these studies demonstrate that the ceramide synthase pathway is a viable site for herbicides, provided an inhibitor can be found that is plant specific. This topic is considered in more detail in a recent review [10]. 

Aquatic plant toxicity test using Lemna spp. Tiers I and II... 

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