Plants toxicant administration

CNTs have been studied for cancer therapies despite the fact that these have been shown to accumulate to toxic levels within the organs of diverse animal models and different cell lines (Fiorito et al., 2006 Tong and Cheng, 2007). The molecular and cellular mechanisms for toxicity of carbon nanotubes have not been fully clarified. Furthermore, toxicity must be examined on the basis of multiple routes of administration (i.e., pulmonary, transdermal, ocular, oral, and intravenous) and on multiple species mammals, lower terrestrial animals, aquatic animals (both vertebrates and invertebrates), and plants (both terrestrial and aquatic). A basic set of tests for risk assessment of nanomaterials has been put forward (Nano risk framework). 

Toxicity assessment. Ethanol (50%) extract of the entire plant, administered intraperitoneally to mice produced lethal dose (LDljf, 316 mg/kg . Ethanol (95%) extract of the leaf, administered by gastric intubation to mice, produced LDg, 10 g/kg. Intraperitoneal administration produced CD, 0.7g/kg<= . 

The tertiary natural cholinomimetic alkaloids (pilocarpine, nicotine, lobeline Figure 7-3) are well absorbed from most sites of administration. Nicotine, a liquid, is sufficiently lipid-soluble to be absorbed across the skin. Muscarine, a quaternary amine, is less completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract than the tertiary amines but is nevertheless toxic when ingested—eg, in certain mushrooms—and it even enters the brain. Lobeline is a plant derivative similar to nicotine. These amines are excreted chiefly by the kidneys. Acidification of the urine accelerates clearance of the tertiary amines. 

Due to their lipophilicity TTA are rapidly and completely absorbed in the GIT and cross the blood-brain barrier allowing drug administration as tablets [29], Accordingly, severe intoxication may be caused after ingestion of toxic plants and berries. 

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