Aquatic plants chronic toxicity

Ecotoxicity. Under this heading, the relevant available data on aquatic toxicity, both acute and chronic, for fish, daphnia, algae and other aquatic plants, also toxicity data on soil micro-and macro-organisms and other environmentally relevant organisms, such as birds, bees and plants, should be listed. 

Chronic toxicity Mammalian systems Carcinogenicity Neurotoxicity De ve 1 opm e nta l/rep rod u cti ve toxicity Aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates Plants Mutagenicity, increased tumours Reproduction and growth Cancer slope factors Reference doses, and so on IC50, EC50... 

The biological approach (whole effluent) to toxics control for the protection of aquatic life involves the use of acute and chronic toxicity tests to measure the toxicity of wastewaters. Whole effluent tests (WET) employ the use of standardized, surrogate freshwater or marine (depending on the mixture of effluent and receiving water) plants (algae), invertebrates, and vertebrates. 

No studies on the acute toxicity of C12LAS to algae and aquatic plants were found in the literature. Typical toxicity-testing protocols use a test duration of 4-7 days. This duration of testing represents a significant portion of the organisms life span for the taxa tested. Thus these toxicity tests are appropriately considered chronic-toxicity tests. 

However where classification is applied solely due to the acute toxicity (L(E)C5o) observed in single algae/aquatic plant tests, but there is evidence from a range of other algae tests that the chronic toxicity (NOECs) for this taxonomic group is above lmg/1, this evidence could be used to consider declassification. At present this approach cannot be applied to aquatic plants since no standardized chronic toxicity tests have been developed. 

Ecological toxicity data for 1,4-dioxane are available for fish, aquatic, and terrestrial invertebrates, microorganisms, algae, and terrestrial plants. Acute and chronic toxicity levels generally range between 1000 and 10 000 mg 1 with the exception of a long-term study in fish that reported a no-observed effect level of approximately 100 mg 1 ... 

Due to concerns over potential exposure of aquatic organisms to NP, a number of acute and chronic toxicity tests have been conducted for both freshwater and saltwater species of invertebrates, fish, and aquatic plants. NP is considered an endocrine dis-ruptor chemical and induces production of vitellogenin in male rainbow trout, a process that normally occurs only in female fish in response to estrogenic hormones during the reproductive cycle. NP also induces precocious development of ovaries and an intersex condition in some fish species. 

Ecotoxicity acute/prolonged toxicity to fish, acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrates, toxicity to aquatic plants e.g. algae, toxicity to microorganisms, e.g. bacteria, chronic toxicity to fish, chronic toxicity to aquatic in-... 

Many aquatic toxicity tests have found that the acute or chronic effect being tested did not occur at the maximum concentration of HCB that can be dissolved in water. The predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) in water, considering the effects of exposure on aquatic plants, invertebrates, and fish, is 0.37 micrograms per liter [104]. 

ECOSAR Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR)—a computer prediction system for assessing the aquatic toxicity of industrial compounds. It was developed in 1979 by US EPA. The program is based on the SAR calculates acute and chronic toxicity for aqueous organisms (fish, aquatic invertebrates and plants) http //www.epa.gov/oppt/newchems/tools/21ecosar.htm... 

It has slight short-term toxicity on aquatic life. Acetone has caused membrane damage, a decrease in size and a decrease in germination of various agricultural and ornamental plants. It may also have slight longterm toxicity to aquatic life. Chronic and acute effects on birds or land animals have not been determined. 

Flowers and Haji bagheii (2001) reported that the effect of ion on the growth of leaves is determined by the ability of plants to accommodate the ions within compartments of the leaves cells where they will not do damage. If the ions are accommodated in the vacuole and concentration rises in the leaf apoplast then there will be osmotic effect on the leaf growth. Okoloko and Bewley (1982) reported the enhancement of protein synthesis in moss (Torhila ruralis) gametophytes exposed to 5mM aqueous SO2. Higher levels were toxic. Some components, particularly compoxmds, are toxic to aquatic animals and plants (Odiete, 1999). They are acutely lethal and chronically lethal in sublethal concentration of part per billion (ppb). However, plants and animals vary widely in their sensitivity (Clark, 1982). 

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