Terrestrial higher plants

Higher plants, terrestrial (cress, millet, rape etc.) compost and soil OECD 208 [32] ISO 11269-1 and ISO 11269-2 [33] many species available... 

Triterpenoids (C30 compounds) are the most ubiquitous of the terpenoids and are found in both terrestrial and marine flora and fauna (Mahato et al., 1992). Diterpenoids and triterpenoids rarely occur together in the same tissue. In higher plants, triterpenoid resins are found in numerous genera of broad-leaved trees, predominantly but not exclusively tropical (Mills and White, 1994 105). They show considerable diversity in the carbon skeleton (both tetracyclic and pentacyclic structures are found) which occur in nature either in the free state or as glycosides, although many have either a keto or a hydroxyl group at C-3, with possible further functional groups and/or double bonds in the side-chains. 

In most terrestrial plant-pathogen interactions a diphenylene-iodonium (DPI)-sensitive (O Donnell et al. 1993), membrane-located, and receptor-activated NADPH oxidase generates superoxide radicals (Levine et al. 1994 Doke and Miura 1995 Lamb and Dixon 1997 Bolwell et al. 1998), which eventually dis-mutate into H202 and 02 (Sutherland 1991). Apoplastic peroxidases (Bolwell et al. 1998 Martinez et al. 1998), as well as various oxidases such as oxalate oxidase (Zhang et al. 1995 Thordal-Christensen et al. 1997) or amine oxidase (Laurenzi et al. 2001 Rea et al. 2002), have also been identified as sources of ROS in higher plants. 

Baker, A. J. M., and Brooks, R. R., 1989, Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements - A review of their distribution, ecology and ph)4ochemistry. Biorecovery 1 81-126. 

Mono-, sesqui-, and some diterpenoids are found in marine and terrestrial flora. They are, therefore, not always unambiguous tracers for higher plant sources. However, diterpenoids with the abietane and pimarane (Fig. 1), and less common phyllocladane and kaurane, skeletons are predominant constituents in resins and supportive tissue of coniferous vegetation (Coniferae), which evolved in the late Paleozoic (200—300 million years ago). Diterpenoid biomarkers have been characterized in... 

TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS Higher plants Seveso, Italy, 1976 Various species, leaves Max. 50,000,000 FW 2... 

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