Plant secretory structures

Optical Coherence Microscopy Study of Plant Secretory Structures... 

Bicchi, C., A. D. Amato, G. Frattini, G. M. Nano, E. Cappelletti, and R. Ganiato, 1985. Analysis of essential oils by direct sampling from plant secretory structures and capillary gas chromatography,... 

Salts are present in secretions of many plants, especially growing in arid regions ( Roshchina and Roshchina, 1993). OCM images of similar salt secretory structures were received (Fig.4) as per Experiments. 

Principle Plant enriched in secretory structures with biologically active secondary metabolites have fluorescing products in the cells and a location of the compounds could be observed using luminescent technique. 

The plant must be considered for example, the amount of compound in the tissues must be sufficient to produce a biological effect on the test insect. In the evaluation of this, it should be remembered that many plants have specialized tissues which contain high levels of secondary metabolites. For example, many conifer species contain specialized secretory structures, such as resin ducts, which contain high localized concentrations of terpenoids [82]. There may also be dynamic variations in the amounts of these compounds in the plant, resulting from seasonal fluxes or synthesis induced upon stress. 

Svoboda, K.P., T.G. Svoboda, and A.D. Syred, 2000. Secretory Structures of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. Middle Travelly, U.K. Microscopix Publications. 

Secretory cells filled with allelochemicals participate in the allelopathic relations. Their structure may be changed under various external factors that needs special methods for the observations. The application of non-invasive optical techniques to diagnose the physiological state of plants is one of the major problems of plant ecophysiology. 

Suzuki T, Fujiwake H, Iwai K (1980) Intracellular localization of capsaicin and its analogues, capsaicinoid, in Capsicum fruit. 1. Microscopic investigation of the structure of the placenta of Capsicum annuum var. annuum cv. Karayatsubusa. Plant Cell Physiol 21 839-853 Ohta Y (1963) Physiological and genetical studies on the pungency of Capsicum IV. Secretory organ, receptacles and distribution of capsaicin in the Capsicum fruits. Jap J Breed 12 179-183... 

SNAREs comprise a superfamily of proteins that function in all membrane fusion steps of the secretory pathway within eukaryotic cells. They are small proteins that vary in structure and size (see Section 1.1), but share an evolutionary conserved stretch of 60-70 amino acids containing eight heptad repeats, which is termed SNARE motif (Brunger 2005). The number of different SNAREs varies between different organisms, ranging from 25 in yeast, 36 in mammals, to over 50 in plants. Each fusion step requires a specific set of four different SNARE motifs that is contributed by three or four different SNAREs, and each of the membranes destined to fuse contains at least one SNARE with a membrane anchor. 

Nearly all proteins that cross a membrane, and many membrane-bound proteins, require a signal sequence for proper localization. The signal sequence was the first component of the secretory apparatus to be discovered and, so far, it appears to be the most universal requirement of the secretion process. The amino acid sequences of over 300 signal peptides are known. Watson (1984) has compiled sequences published before mid-1984. Signal sequences have been found on secretory proteins from all kinds of organisms, including animals, plants, bacteria, and viruses (see Table I). This wealth of sequence information invites attempts to develop structure-function correlations. However, as discussed in the next sections, such attempts are confounded by the extreme variability of signal sequences despite their parallel functions. 

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