Amortization period

Seawater Evaporators The production of potable water from saline waters represents a large and growing field of application for evaporators. Extensive work done in this field to 1972 was summarized in the annual Saline Water Conversion Repoi ts of the Office of Sahne Water, U.S. Department of the Interior. Steam economies on the order of 10 kg evaporation/kg steam are usually justified because (1) unit production capacities are high, (2) fixed charges are low on capital used for pubhc works (i.e., they use long amortization periods and have low interest rates, with no other return on investment considered), (3) heat-transfer performance is comparable with that of pure water, and (4) properly treated seawater causes httle deterioration due to scahng or fouhng. 

Describe flowsheet required or used and whether one or several bodies are required (or the economic factors which are to be used in determining the number of stages or effects. These factors include steam cost, water cost, electricity cost, amortization period, etc)... 

Purchasing specifications include not only performance data, materials, structural details, plot plan considerations, guarantees, etc., but also methods of bid evaluation, applicable unit costs, energy costs and amortization period. A good group of specifications will permit a true cost comparison of competitive towers on an installed, as well as on an operating, basis. Table 6.3 summarizes the normal specifications that should be considered. 

The estimated capital requirements represent an approximate 5% annual inflation of the total price actually paid for the Miami facility. Changes in the amortization period or interest rate can significantly affect annual capital charges. Also note that no direct costs for supervision and overhead are included. 

Capital costs should be added to these costs, calculated for an amortization period of 20 years, 10% yearly interest, annual production of 300,000 t of methanol (plant service factor = 82%), as indicated below ... 

Volckman s cost data (Table II) were based on a plant capacity of 2,880,000 gallons per day, an energy cost of 5.2 mills per kw.-hr., a membrane replacement rate of 1 1/3 per year with membranes that cost 0.20 per sq. foot, an amortization period of 15 years at 6.5% interest, and the use of the Free States Geduld electrodialysis presses. The major revisions were in capital cost, type of membranes, and amortization schedule. 

The amortization period is defined as the assigned capital in relation to the average return flows. A minimum payback period of 3 years was determined as a benchmark. In order to reach this benchmark, at least three process developments per year have to be accomplished in one M RT system on the laboratory scale. Under these conditions, the application of MRT compared with the batch system is beneflcial. When only one reaction is optimized, the resulting payback period will be 6 years. 

The optimum or economic thickness of insulation is determined by optimizing the cost of energy and the costs of insulation. A discounted-cash flow analysis of insulation economics must be conducted using appropriate costs for investment and amortization periods. Insulation for energy conservation is an excellent investment and when optimized, a balance between investment and savings will be obtained. 

Two thousand moulded units are produced a week and with a mould amortization period of 5 years this represents a total of 500 000 lifts (cycles). 

If 6% or 8% is used as a nominal average interest rate on the construction cost investment, and the period in which this is to be amortized involves a significant fraction of the lifetime of the plant, an average annual contribution to paying of the construction cost debt can be figures. For simplification, it will be assumed that the amortization will be structured so that it involves equal payments by the owner over a period of years. For simplification, let s assume 30 years for the amortization period, on a nuclear plant which is expected to have a lifetime of 40-60 years. 

For bigger follow-up plants investment costs for the complete system of approx. 900,- DM per kW effective power are estimated. Thus, at a high armual rate of utilization, the system definitely achieves the amortization period required today for energy-saving investments. The utilization of radiation waste heat for the internal generation of electrical power is conceivable for big plants. 

The consequence of the machinery, which is necessary to produce molds, is very high investment costs. Continuous improvement of these machines also requires a constant improvement of the machinery within short amortization periods. Due to this requirement, it is necessary to keep the machine in operation 24-hours a day. Therefore, these machines run in multiple shifts and in unattended operations, such as on weekends and holidays. These unattended operations require technical conditions on the machines, e.g., tool changer and cutting edge corrections. Machine monitoring can be done via camera. The operator can then visually assess the current state of processing from home through a PC and respond quickly to disturbances. 

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