Plant methodologies

Levy, J. L, Hammitt, J.K., Yanagisawa, Y, Spengler, J.D. (1999). Development of a new damage function model for power plants Methodology and applications. Environmental Science and Technology, 33, 4364—4372. 

Recently, the inspection methodology for controlling the nuclear power plant s RCCA s (Rod Cluster Control Assemblies) has been modified to improve speed and ergonomy. 

Neither of these processes has been commercialized, although some aspects of the methodology were incorporated into a plant operated for a short time by the Elcor Company (31). This company, which operated briefly in western Texas in 1968 using natural gypsum, is the only one known to have commercially attempted to recover elemental sulfur from this material by a two-step thermal process. The Elcor plant was shut down shortly after it began operation. Although most technical problems were said to have been solved, production costs were prohibitive. 

Confidence The accuracy of the conclusions drawn from any unit test depends upon the accuracy of the laboratory analyses. Plant-performance analysts must have confidence in these analyses including understanding the methodology and the limitations. This confidence is established through discussion, analyses of known mixtures, and analysis of past laboratory results. This confidence is established during the preparation stage. 

The methodology of identifying the optimum test and number of measurements has received httle attention in analysis of plant performance and design literature. 

In this chapter we focus our attention on some of the point sources of air emissions within different types of plant operations, along with the methods of abatement. Although we do not make direct comparisons between prevention and control methodologies until Chapter 6, the reader should gain an appreciation for the simplicity of applying pollution prevention as opposed to incorporating engineering controls in many situations. 

The use of pilot-plant filter assemblies is both eommon and a elassieal approaeh to design methodology development. These eombine the filter with pumps, reeeivers, mixers, ete., in a single eompaet unit and may be rented at a nominal fee from filter manufaeturers, who supply operating instruetions and sometimes an operator. Preliminary tests are often run at the filter manufacturer s laboratory. Rough tests indicate what filter type to try in the pilot plant. 

The fraction 0.1% is chosen to be so low that individuals living near a nuclear plant should have no special concern because of the closeness. Uncertainties in the analysis of risk are not caused by the "quantitative methodology" but are highlighted by it. Uncertainty reduction will be achieved by methodological improvements mean values should be calculated. As a guideline for rcinilatory implementation, the following is recommended ... 

An early version of MET methodology was applied in the Interim Reliability Evaluation Program (IREP) that analyzed the ( ill vert Cliffs and Arkansas Nuclear lessons learned in IREP and other applications. Although MET is an extension of the fault tree analysis (Section 3.4,4), it warrants a. separate discussion (see NUREG/ CR 3268). Objectives of MET are ... 

Human actions can initiate accident sequences or cause failures, or conversely rectify or mitigate an accident sequence once initiated. The current methodology lacks nuclear-plant-based data, an experience base for human factors probability density functions, and a knowledge of how this distribution changes under stress. 

IPEs for 108 plants (Table 11.1-3) were prepared by licensees and/or consultants in varying depth and methodology. They were reviewed by the NRC Office of Nuclear Regulatory Rc.search (NUREG-1560) regarding four major areas ... 

Bernreuter, D. L. et al., Seismic Hazard Characterization of 69 Nuclear Plant Sites East of the Rocky Mountains, Methodology, Input Data, and Commparisons with Previous Results, Vol 1-8, January 1989,... 

Bolten, J. G, 1983, Risk-Cost, ssessment Methodology for Toxic Pollutants from Fossil Fuel Power Plants, Rand report R-2993-EPRI, June. 

Fleming, K. N. et al., 1979, A Methodology for Risk Assessment of Major Fires and Its Application to an HTGR Plant, General Atomic GA-A15401. 

C icci, R. H. V., 1980, A Methodology for Evaluating the Probability for Fire Loss of Nuclear Power Plant Safety Functions, Ph.D. Thesis at Rensselaer Poly. Inst., Troy, NY. 

Roger, C., J. L. Boccio, and M. A. Azarm, 1985, Evaluation of Current Methodology Employed in Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Fire Events at Nuclear Power Plants, BNL report A-3710, February. 

Design methodology is the systematic description of the technical design process of industrial air technology as an elementary part of the whole life cycle of the industrial plant. 

Fabiano, B., Pastormo, R., and Solisio, C. 1999. Explosion at an Acetylene Plant A Methodological Approach to Accident Analysis. IChemE Loss Prevention Bnlle-tin. Issue 145 (February 1999). 

The book begins with a discussion of the theories of error causation and then goes on to describe the various ways in which data can be collected, analyzed, and used to reduce the potential for error. Case studies are used to teach the methodology of error reduction in specific industry operations. Finally, the book concludes with a plan for a plant error reduction program and a discussion of how human factors principles impact on the process safety management system. 

A program of research has been supported for several years by the United Kingdom Health Safety Executive (HSE) to address the effects of sociotechnical factors on risk in the CPI. The initial emphasis of this work was to develop a methodology so that chemical process quantitative risk analysis (CPQRA) would take into accotmt the effects of the quality of the management factors of plant being assessed. This work has been described in a series of publications (e.g., Bellamy et al., 1990 Hurst et al., 1991 Geyer et al., 1990 and Hurst et al., 1992). 

In subsequent sections the application of PIFs to various aspects of error reduction will be described. One of the most important of these applications is the use of comprehensive lists of PIFs as a means of auditing an existing plant to identify problem areas that will give rise to increased error potential. This is one aspect of the proactive approach to error reduction that forms a major theme of this book. This application of PIFs can be used by process workers as part of a participative error reduction program. This is an important feature of the human factors assessment methodology (HFAM) approach discussed in Section 2.7. 

---