Uncertainty reduction

Because of the nature of subsurface data, maps and sections are only models or approximations of reality, and always contain a degree of uncertainty. Reduction of these uncertainties is one of the tasks of the geoscientists, and will be further discussed in Section 6.2. 

The fraction 0.1% is chosen to be so low that individuals living near a nuclear plant should have no special concern because of the closeness. Uncertainties in the analysis of risk are not caused by the "quantitative methodology" but are highlighted by it. Uncertainty reduction will be achieved by methodological improvements mean values should be calculated. As a guideline for rcinilatory implementation, the following is recommended ... 

The present formulation for optimal sensor placement in terms of the information entropy provides a rational procedure for comparing the uncertainty of the estimates of the parameter values for different sensor configurations. Specifically, a direct measure of the uncertainty reduction is provided by the change of the information entropy ... 

Definitions of risk in risk management and insurance literature were reviewed with the expectation that they would be helpful. In summary, they emphasize the uncertainty or the lack of predictability concerning loss. It is a fundamental actuarial concept that risk implies uncertainty. But definitions of risk based on uncertainty do not communicate entirely the nature of risk for which safety professionals give counsel. I cannot conceive of safety professionals presenting themselves as consultants in uncertainty reduction. 

The assessment of uncertainty factors also includes identification of uncertainty reduction measures, such as fiirther studies, tests/inspections, measurements and monitoring/data collection. To show the effect of identified measures we suggest the following manageability classifications ... 

Moller N. Hansson S.O. 2008. Principles of engineering safety Risk and uncertainty reduction. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 93 pp. 776-783. 

Figure 10. Uncertainty reduction in the estimation of /j (top) and unreliability and confidence intervals (down).

The theoretical literature on supply chain collaboration is diversified representing multiple perspectives. The diverse literature reflects the versatile nature of supply chain collaboration involving a variety of motives and objectives (Barringer and Harrison 2000 Hitt 2011 Verdecho et al. 2012 Fawcett et al. 2012). This study examines supply chain collaboration from multiple perspectives (1) technical-economic perspective, e.g. uncertainty reduction, transaction cost economics, resource based view, relational view, and extended resource based view (2) sociopolitical perspective, e.g. resource dependence theory, social exchange theory, and social dilemma theory (3) trust based rationalism and (4) learning and knowledge perspective. These multiple perspectives provide us with insights into the nature, forms, contents, and forces of supply chain collaboration. 

The other three factors take account of the imperfect information about the benefit of an innovation. Because the adoption of an innovation is associated with risk of failure, Rogers (1995) calls the diffusion an uncertainty-reduction process. Alternative innovations are not only valued by potential adopters by the promised benefit but also by the risk of failure to deliver the promised benefit. Conqjlexity of an innovation increases uncertainty, whereas observeability, the degree to which the result of an innovation is visible to others, and friability, the degree to which an innovation can be experimented with, reduce uncertainty for potential adopters. Uncertainty is able to disparage the expected value of benefit, whereas relative certainty can compensate a lower utility of a variant. It can be expected that these attributes support the international diffusion of an innovation as well. A country has therefore an international advantage if other coimfries have better access to information on innovations adopted there. 

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