Commissioning, plant,

The largest Fischer-Tropsch facility based on natural gas is the Mossgas plant located in Mossel Bay, South Africa. Natural gas is converted to synthesis gas in a two-stage reformer and subsequently converted to hydrocarbons by SASOL s Synthol technology. The plant, commissioned in 1992, has a capacity of 7155 mVd (45,000 bbFd). 

New Mexico s San Juan Gas Plant is one of the United States newest and largest natural gas liquids recovery plant. Commissioned in November 1986, its levels of productivity are high by industry standards. Located near Bloomfield, New Mexico, just south of tlie Colorado border, the plant is jointly owned by Conoco Inc. (then a subsidiary of the DuPont Company) and Tenneco Inc., both of Houston. It is operated by Conoco and is named after its location in the San Juan basin, an area of oil, gas, and coal production. 

Close control of the contract should be kept at all times. This is where formal site meetings, with reports of progress, can be most useful and can help to steer a late contract back on the right course. When a contract begins to fall behind the agreed program, it is important to find out why and to rectify the problem. It is in everyone s interest to see the plant commissioned on the agreed date, and a casual attitude by the project leader should never be taken. He should be strict with anyone who causes a contract to slip behind schedule. 

Based on a survey reported for 2003, there are 163 commercial gasification projects worldwide consisting of a total of 468 gasifiers.4 More than 120 plants began their operations between 1960 and 2000 with the majority (more than 72 plants) commissioned after 1980. Up to 34 new plants are at various stages of planning and construction. 

The concept of precommission cleaning and passivation is not new it has been promoted since the earliest days of water treatment. However, in the global marketplace, it continues to be a deplorable situation in that there are still far too many newly constructed cooling systems inadequately precleaned (if cleaned at all), or given proper passivation protection, prior to start-up and plant commissioning trials. Poor standards of cleaning may,... 

A control strategy hope lly can then be evolved. It is also necessary to determine the ancillary instruments required for process monitoring, and for plant commissioning and start-up. It is worthwhile at the design stage including connections for instruments which may be required in the future. The location (local or a distant control room) and types of recorders must be specified, and the alarms and interlocks that are required. Control does not occur independently in different units, and an overall and integrated approach to the control of the plant is required. 

During plant commissioning, or after a prolonged plant shutdown when the whole system has been depressured to atmospheric conditions. The pumps are not part of the pressurized system, as the unit is just being brought up to operating pressure. 

Commissioning of the plant started in late 1992 by start-up of the fuel preparation plant. Commissioning of the combined cycle was corrqDleted on liquid fuel during March 1993,... 

In 1983 the On-Purpose Technology was first realized in a 10.000 mt commercial unit in Brunsbuttel, Germany. A second On-Purpose plant, commissioned in 1991, expanded the Brunsbuttel capacity by another 10.000 mt. Meanwhile the On-Purpose capacity has been increased to a total of 30.000 mt. In combination with the Ziegler capacity in Lake Charles (now CONDEA VISTA Company) and Brunsbuttel, the CONDEA group today offers a capacity of approx. 60.000 mt of alkoxide derived aluminas. In order to overcome current shortages in the alumina markets a third On-Purpose plant is currently under construction in Brunsbuttel and scheduled to be commissioned the first half of 1998. 

R. Von Ammon et al KFK, Fed. Republic of Germany. Catalytic Oj and NO removal A process step for an off-gas cleaning system in reprocessing plants. Commission of the European Communities, Gaseous Effluent Treatment in Nuclear Installations. (1985) 349. 

During the process, the radiation dose to the irradiation containers should be monitored using validated dosimetry procedures. The relationship between this dose and the dose absorbed by the product inside the container must have been established during process validation and plant commissioning. 

Shell has been involved in syngas chemistry for many years, giving special attention to the options for the conversion of natural gas into more easily transportable liquid hydrocarbons. The first result of this effort has been the Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) plant commissioned in Malaysia in 1993. This plant makes use of cobalt FT catalyst and tubular reactors in the Heavy Paraffin Synthesis unit (HPS). A simplified flow scheme of this plant is presented in Figure 7. 

CEC Report 81a, Safety principles for LWR nuclear power plants, Commission of the European Communities. 

The application of the Rosemount System results in a good quality of roasted concentrates for subsequent processing and ensures the compliance of the stack gasses and waste waters with the new environmental regulations (SO2 content in stack gasses is kept below 120 mg/Nm ). The wastewater from the sulfiiric acid plant is processed in the acid waste water plant (commissioned in 1996) in connection with the acid drains from other plants. 

Safety Examination Before and During Plant Commissioning... 

Expenses for arrangement for all inputs such as raw materials, spares, fuels, and power till the stabilisation of plant operations till performance guarantee tests are carried out (plant commissioning) ... 

Another option to reduce SWRO energy consumption is to use diluted seawater. For example, the London desahnation plant shown in Figure 5.5 draws water fi-om the Thames River estuary during the last 3 h of the ebb tide. The feed water TDS is less than half of normal seawater. The 400 M plant commissioned in 2010 has a capacity of 150,000 m /day, enough to supply 400,000 households, and operates on 100% renewable energy with a water recovery >75% [45]. 

Cagno E., Caron F., Mancini M. 2002 Risk Analysis in the Plant Commissioning The Multilevel Hazop. Reliability Engineering System Safety 77(3) pp. 309-323 Elsevier Science The Netherlands. 

The operations in Spain and Japan use ethylbenzene as the hydrocarbon feedstock for oxidation. The co-produced alcohol, 1-phenylethanol, is dehydrated to styrene (phenylethene, section 12.11.1). This version is now also used in Arco s latest U.S. plant, commissioned in late 1991. 

Volume IV covers support systems and commissioning. Chapter 10 discusses some chemical engineering principles required for design of a chlorine plant, and examples are provided explaining how these fundamental concepts are translated into practice. Instra-mentation and control systems required for the various unit operations are addressed in Chapter 11 and the utilities needed for mnning the plant are presented in Chapter 12. Details pertinent to plant commissioning and operation are treated in Chapter 13. 

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