Small plant commissioning

J Small plant commissioning 10.2 Decommissioning ] 0,3 Projects carried out abroad... 

The first commercial WSA plant was commissioned in 1980. In 2012, approximately 110 WSA plants have been sold worldwide. WSA plant feed gas flow rates range from a few thousand Nm /h for small plants treating coke oven gas up to 1,200,000 Nm /h for large plants treating power plant flue gas. Sulfuric acid production rates range from 4 to 1140 toime/day depending on feed gas flow rate and SO2 concentration. 

History. Methods for the fractionation of plasma were developed as a contribution to the U.S. war effort in the 1940s (2). Following pubHcation of a seminal treatise on the physical chemistry of proteins (3), a research group was estabUshed which was subsequendy commissioned to develop a blood volume expander for the treatment of military casualties. Process methods were developed for the preparation of a stable, physiologically acceptable solution of alburnin [103218-45-7] the principal osmotic protein in blood. Eady preparations, derived from equine and bovine plasma, caused allergic reactions when tested in humans and were replaced by products obtained from human plasma (4). Process studies were stiU being carried out in the pilot-plant laboratory at Harvard in December 1941 when the small supply of experimental product was mshed to Hawaii to treat casualties at the U.S. naval base at Pead Harbor. On January 5, 1942 the decision was made to embark on large-scale manufacture at a number of U.S. pharmaceutical plants (4,5). 

Of the three sources of probi. s, design, operation and maintei the i . really responsible for a small part. The truth is that the majority of - Tip begin with changes to design, and plant operations after the. .. commissioned. 

Trace amounts of chlorine suppress the total oxidation. This effect was discovered inadvertently when the selectivity of the process in an industrial plant rose spontaneously from one day to the other. Analysis of the catalyst revealed traces of chlorine, originating from a newly commissioned neighboring chlorine plant. Consequently, small amounts of a chlorine-containing compound, such as ethylene dichloride, are nowadays added to the feed. 

In 1990, Sanyo and Matsushita initiated large-scale commercialization of small sealed nickel-metal hydride batteries. They are now joined by Dur-acell, Toshiba and Varta in a consortium which is known as the 3C alliance (camcorders, cellular telephones and computers). Several plants have been commissioned which are each producing 100-200 million cells per annum. It is forecast that nickel-metal hydride may overtake nickel-cadmium before the end of the century. In addition to the 3Cs nickel-metal hydride cells are used for a wide variety of cordless consumer products, communications equipment and other high rate long cycle life applications. 

The costs of erection and commissioning of even a very complex micro structured reactor plant are, of course, comparably small. This means that the basic design of a micro structured reactor plant is extremely expensive and attention should be given to minimizing costs, for example, by the application of calculation sheets, the standardization of complete process units or the use of process simulation or planning tools such as AspenPlus . The reduction of this cost factor remains a future task of micro technology. 

I hope that the Commission s decision will be favorable because, although I would argue that high Btu gas from coal is not now economically competitive, we must proceed in order to reduce the technical and economic uncertainties. We must move on with the construction of one, two or a very small number of commercial-size plants so that we can learn about the real economics, and the real technical and reliability problems. 

The plant described has now been commissioned and is working satisfactorily as predicted. pH differences between the second tank and the flocculation tank have been observed to be small (less than. 3 pH) and may be dominated by measurement errors. These observations are consistent with the analysis above. 

Heavy-water production in Canada began on a small scale in a plant operated by Cominco for the United States Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) in 1944 (14) and continued until 1956. This was also a period of initial research into heavy-water processes at CRNL (15). By the mid-1950 s the USAEC and the E. I. Dupont de Nemours and Company had put into operation two large, heavy-water plants using the GS process. The... 

Allyl alcohol can be made by the isomerization of propylene oxide. ARCO Chemical has obtained an exclusive worldwide license from Kuraray in Osaka, Japan for their hydroformulation technology to produce 1,4-butanediol from allyl alcohol. In 1990, ARCO commissioned both the alcohol and the 1,4-butanediol process at their Channelview, Texas propylene oxide plant [91. 1,4-Butanediol is a versatile chemical intermediate that can be used to produce tetrahydrofuran, polybutylene teraphthalate resins, polyurethanes, and pyrrolidone. At this time only a relatively small quantity of propylene oxide is used for this purpose. However, it is growing... 

Cobalt-60 can also be released to the environment through leaks or spills at nuclear power plants, and in solid waste originating from nuclear power plants. Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations allow small amounts of cobalt-60 to be released into the air, or poured down drains as part of a liquid. 

Both the Tsumeb and the Metaleurop plants had teething troubles during start-up. Ausmelt direct involvement in the commissioning activities was limited to the provision of a small number of commissioning shift support personnel. In both projects, the Ausmelt package was a component deliverable within an overall project controlled and managed by the client. 

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