Plant close-down

Dynamite Industry is Fading Away. Since the appearance on the market after WWII of ANFO (Amm nitrate/Fuel oil), which sells at 4 to 60 a pound vs five times as much for Dynamite, many Dynamites plants closed down and many more are in jeopardy. Estimates are that Dynamite will drop to 5% of the expl market by 1980, while in May 1971 it held at about 30%... 

Company coverage a yes score has been given since company coverage appears comprehensive. The data used includes plants acquired from the year of acquisition and data for plants closed down during the period, if not otherwise stated . 

To conclude on the case of team-safety representatives, this practice has been initiated by the labor union and supported by plant management. For the plant management and the union this practice is initiated as to increase the individual responsibility of performing safe collective operation of the metal plant. This bipartite solution is at present taking form, and the ultimate aim is to prevent a fatal accident. AU our interview respondents argued that one more fatal accident would cause a final plant close down. In this sense the team-safety representative is a vehicle for increasing the collectivity s responsibility for safe work performance. 

Shell Chlorine Process. The Shell process produces CI2 from the HCl usiag air or O2 ia the preseace of cupric and other chlorides on a siUcate carrier (71). The reaction proceeds at an optimal rate ia the temperature range of 430—475°C at an efficiency of 60—70%. A manufactuting unit was built by Shell ia the Netherlands (41,000 t/yr) and another ia ladia (27,000 t/yr). Both plants have been closed down. 

Depending on energy and raw material costs, the minimum economic carbon disulfide plant size is generaHy in the range of about 2000—5000 tons per year for an electric furnace process and 15,000—20,000 tons per year for a hydrocarbon-based process. A typical charcoal—sulfur facHity produces approximately 5000 tons per year. Hydrocarbon—sulfur plants tend be on the scale of 50,000—200,000 tons per year. It is estimated that 53 carbon disulfide plants existed throughout the world in 1991 as shown in Table 2. The production capacities of known hydrocarbon—sulfur based plants are Hsted in Table 3. The United States carbon disulfide capacity dropped sharply during 1991 when Akzo Chemicals closed down a 159,000 ton per year plant at Delaware City, Delaware (126). The United States carbon disulfide industry stiH accounts for about 12% of the total worldwide instaHed capacity. 

Many processes have been used to produce tetrachloroethylene. One of the first was chlorination of acetylene (C2H2) to form tetrachloroethane, followed by dehydrochlorination to trichloroethylene. If tetrachloroethylene was desired, the trichloroethylene was further chlorinated to pentachloroethane and dehydrochlorinated. This process is no longer used in the United States Hooker Chemical closed down the last plant in 1978. 

Theoretically, in contrast to fixed investment, this money is not lost but can be recovered when the plant is closed down. 

In 1969 Air Products Chemicals began delivering carbon dioxide and hydrogen to customers in the Houston area via pipeline. There was also talk of shipping methanol by pipeline. A 273-mile pipeline was also opened in 1969 to convey 660 tons/hr of slurried coal from Kayenta, Arizona, to a power plant in southern Nevada. A previous coal pipeline in Ohio closed down in the mid-1960s because it proved to be uneconomical when the railroads reduced their rates.5... 

This process meant the pressuring of coal, tars, and mineral oils by stages, into their final products. As to the gasoline in 1926 the decision was reached by the Vorstand that a large-scale experimental plant should be set up at Leuna for the production of 100,000 tons. We fell into the Depression and there were enormous technical difficulties. Within the Farben Vorstand, confidence in the process was seriously shaken. The whole Leuna plant was almost closed down. It was only the confidence of Bosch and Krauch and us technical men that was able to prevent this being done. We always had full confidence that technical difficulties would be overcome, and the future proved us right. 

GM also believes that it could eventually close down engine and transmission factories around the world and have a single plant making fuel cells for all of its vehicles. There are 29 types of engines made in 28 GM plants worldwide and 20 transmissions made in 20 worldwide plants. 

The ethene-based processes give only even-numbered alkenes (including the one making alcohols) while the other two processes produce both odd and even numbered alkenes. In the last two decades there has been a trend to close down wax cracking alkene plants, and the products are now increasingly derived from ethene. Note that ethene is also a cracker product. 

After the war the need for aviation alkylate declined rapidly, and most of the isomerization units closed down. During the motor gasoline octane race in the 1950 s, a number of butane isomerization units were placed on stream. Several pentane isomerization units were placed on stream in the 1960 s, and it is believed that only one or two plants today are being used to isomerize a C5/C6 straight run cut (41). 

In addition, most countries, with the exception of Sweden and The Netherlands, explicitly include closure rules within their NAPs. For example, in Germany, entities that close down operations (defined as emitting less than 10% of its average annual baseline emissions) will not receive allowances from the following year. Such formal closure rules further discourage the closure of inefficient plants within a trading period, as allocation essentially becomes a subsidy for continued production (Ahman et al., 2005). 

A lake receiving sulfate-rich waters from metal-ore processing plants exhibits a pH near 2. After the industry closes down, the pH slowly rises and within several years reaches 7. Explain the reaction mechanism(s) responsible for the pH rise to 7. 

Regulatory compliance projects are often required as a result of changes in environmental or other legislation. If the government changes the rules on plant safety, emissions, or product specifications, then unless an exemption can be obtained, the plant must be modified or closed down. Regulatory compliance projects often have poor financial performance unless the costs of going out of business are considered. 

Synthetic rutile has a Ti02-content of 85 to 90%. In all these processes iron is either removed in the form of a salt solution which has to be worked up or as valueless oxide. In the process for the production of titanium slag, on the other hand, metallic iron is obtained, which makes this process more interesting both ecologically and economically. As a result, a large proportion of the synthetic rutile manufacture plants has been closed down. 

At the end of the 1970 s the civil reprocessing plant in the USA was closed down for political rea.sons. The spent fuel elements have been stored since then at interim storage sites. The only reprocessing plants operated in Western Europe, those in France and Great Britain, have successively expanded their capacities and have currently a joint capacity of 23001 heavy metal per year. 

The ammonia recovery system of modern configurations of Solvay plants is quite efficient. Only about 3 kg of ammonia make-up is required to maintain the 300 kg or so of absorbed ammonia, which is needed for each tonne of sodium carbonate produced [17]. This high ammonia-recovery efficiency was the feature that gradually spelled the end of the commercial Le Blanc sodium carbonate plants, the last of which closed down in the period 1920-1930 [15]. 

Against this background, the operators of the nuclear power stations which have been closed down or are to be closed down requested compensation of altogether 4.6 million EUA for the first trading period (2005-2007) of the EU ETS. In the draft of the NAP from the 29 January 2004, no special allocation for the operators of the closed-down nuclear power plants was stipulated. This fact evolved into one of the central disputes about the German NAP. The solution finally established in the Ministers compromise of 30 March 2004 represents a mere negotiating solution. For each year in the period 2005-2007,... 

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