Plant cell isolation

Phospholipids contain two long chain fatty acids, and the fatty acid components may be saturated or unsaturated (for example palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, or linolenic acid). Phospholipids are present in all animal and plant cells (isolated from the egg yolk, soybean oil, and also milk). °... 

In addition to the isolation of steroid raw materials from whole plants, plant tissue cultures have been iavestigated as an alternative source of these steroids. Despite many advances (128), there are no iadustrial appHcatioas of plant cell cultures for the production of steroids (129,130). 

Within the scope of this review, the contributions of the last decade concerning cell-wall polysaccharides isolated from woody and other plant tissues will be reviewed according to the above-proposed classification of hemicelluloses including larch arabinogalactans. The present review article updates and extends previous reviews [3-5] and will focus in particular on new investigated plant sources, isolation methods, structural features, physicochemical and various functional properties of hemicelluloses. Attention will also be paid to the modification of isolated hemicelluloses or hemicellulosic materials and the appHcation possibiUties of hemicelluloses and their derivatives, including their use for the production of composite materials and other biomaterials. 

Leigh, R.A. (1983). Methods, progress and potential for use of isolated vacuoles in studies of solute transport in higher plant cells. Physiologic Plantarum, 57,390-6. 

Wagner, G.J. (1983). Higher plant vacuoles and tonoplasts. In Isolation of Membrane and Organelles from Plant Cells, ed. J.L. Hall and A.L. Moore, pp. 83-118. London Academic Press. 

Sasaki, N. et al., Isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding an enzyme with glucosyltransferase activity for cyc/o-dopa from four o clocks and feather cockscombs, Plant Cell Physiol., 46, 666, 2005. 

Such a study has been performed on a model plant system, the Nitella flexilis cell wall [1, 2, 3]. This freshwater alga has giant intemodal cells whose easily isolated cell walls constitute a simplified model of higher plant cell walls it has no lignin and its pectin is not methylesterified. Isolated cell walls are cut in pieces and distributed in different lots over the whole exchange isotherm to reduce variability between experimental points. 

Zheng,L.S., Heupel,R.C and Dellapenna,D (1992) The beta-subunit of tomato fiuit polygalacturonase isoenzyne-1. Isolation,characterisation and identification of unique structural features. Plant Cell. 4. 1147-1156. 

To date, the structural features of pectic polysaccharides and plant cell walls have been studied extensively using chemical analysis and enzymatic degradation. In addition, research on isolation and physicochemical characterisation of pectin from citrus peels, apple peels, sunflower head residues and sugar beet pulp has been reported (2). However, the pectic polysaccharides extracted from wheat straw have only previously been reported by Przeszlakowska (3). The author extracted 0.44% pectic substances from Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. 

Dixon K. Isolation of callus and suspension cultures in Plant cell culture a practical approach... 

Although several allelochemicals (primarily phenolic acids and flavonoids) have been shown to inhibit mineral absorption, only the phenolic acids have been studied at the physiological and biochemical levels to attempt to determine if mineral transport across cellular membranes can be affected directly rather than indirectly. Similar and even more definitive experiments need to be conducted with other allelochemicals that are suspected of inhibiting mineral absorption. Membrane vesicles isolated from plant cells are now being used to elucidate the mechanism of mineral transport across the plasma membrane and tonoplast (67, 68). Such vesicle systems actively transport mineral ions and thus can serve as simplified systems to directly test the ability of allelochemicals to inhibit mineral absorption by plant cells. 

DORMANN, P., HOFFMANN-BENNING, S., BALBO, I., BENNING, C., Isolation and characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant deficient in the thylakoid lipid digalactosyl diacylglycerol, Plant Cell, 1995, 7, 1801-1810. 

BISHOP, G.J., HARRISON, K., JONES, J.D., The tomato Dwarf gene isolated by heterologous transposon tagging encodes the first member of a new cytochrome P450 family, Plant Cell, 1996, 8, 959-969. 

Steinmuller, C. et al., Polysaccharides isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea enhance the resistance of immunosuppressed mice against systemic infections with Candida albicans and Listeria monocytogenes, Int J Immunopharmacol, 15, 605, 1993. 

One striking advance in modem subcellular biology is a more complete understanding of the interrelationship of certain plant cell organelles (Fig. 2A-F). Rather than existing as discrete entities in physiological and biochemical isolation of one another, it is now generally accepted... 

Plant cytochemistry/histochemistry continues to evolve as fluorescence microscopy (16-19), confocal fluorescence microscopy (20,21), and microspectrophotometry (22) expand our quantitative knowledge of the distributions of chemical constituents in plant cells and tissues. With regard to microspectrophotometry, this is possible for single cells, as the Arcturus Corporation (Mountain View, C A) has developed an instrument capable of isolating single cells. 

Jahnen W, Lush WM, Clark AE. Inhibition of in vitro pollen tube growth by isolated S-glycoproteins of Nicotiana alata. Plant Cell 1989 1 501-510. 

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