Pittsburgh process

In the Pittsburgh process, the draw bar is completely submerged where it lowers the temperature of the glass below the meniscus. This modification allows inaeased drawing rates. 

By the nfid 1900s these three processes were responsible for the world s entire production of flat glass, with 12% being made by the Fourcault process, 20% by the Colburn-Libbey-Owens process, and 8% by the Pittsburgh process. These processes have now been replaced almost entirely by the float process. 

Draw Bar. In the Pittsburgh process (q.v.) of drawing sheet glass, the position of the sheet is defined by a refractory block (the draw-bar) submerged in the molten glass. 

Edge Bowl. A hollow bowl about 7 in. deep and containing the slot through which glass is drawn in the Pittsburgh PROCESS (q.v.). 

Annual Proceedings of the Safety Seminars, Dept, of Defense, Explosive Safety Board, Washington, D.C. International symposia on explosives and closely related subjects are excellent sources of information, ie, international symposia on detonation symposia on combustion symposia on chemical problems connected with the stabiUty of explosives international pyrotechnics seminars symposia on compatibiUty of plastics and other materials with explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, and processing of explosives, propellants, and ingredients and symposia on explosives and pyrotechnics Mineral Industy Surveys, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Periodic pubhcations dedicated primarily to explosive studies in Propellants and Explosives Journal of Ha yardous Materials, and apparent consumption of industrial explosives and blasting agents in the United States. 

B. K. Schmid and D. M. Jackson, "The SRC-11 Process," paper presented at Third Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification and Eiquefaction. University of Pittsburgh, Aug. 3—5, 1976 D. M. Jackson and B. K. Schmid, "Production of Distillate Fuels by SRC-11," paper presented at ACS Div. of Ind. and Eng. Chem. Symposium, Colorado Spriags, Col., Feb. 12,1979. 

J. T. Stewart and T. D. Pay, "Coal Gasification Processes and Equipment Available for Small Industrial AppHcations," paper presented at the Fifth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification Eiquefaction and Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh, Pa., Aug. 1—3,1978. 

W. H. Sutton and co-workers, eds.. Microwave Processing of Materials Materials Research S ociety Proceedings, Vol. 124, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1988. 

J. W. Cobum, R. A. Gottscho, andD. W. Hess, eds.. Plasma Processing, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1986. 

W. W. AUison, Zirconium, Zircaloy, and Hafnium Safe Practice Guide for Shipping Storing Handling Processing and Scrap Disposal, WAPD-TM-17, Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1960. 

P. C. Richards and A. B. Krewiughaus, "Coal Flexibihty of the Shell Coal Gasificatiou Process," Sixth Nnnual Jntemational Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Sept. 1989. 

D. C. Baker, W. V. Bush, K. R. Loos, M. W. Potter, and P. F. Russell, "Environmental Characteri2ation of the Shell Coal Gasification Process. II. Aqueous Effluent," Sixth Annual Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, Pa., Sept., 1989. 

Solvent-Refined Coal (SRC) This processing concept was initiated by the Pittsburgh Midway Coal Mining Co. in the early 1960s. The SRC-I process operating mode is designed to produce a solid fuel for utility applications. Typical operating conditions and product yields for SRC-I are shown in Table 27-14. 

Process Industries Applications of Alcoa Aluminium, Alcoa, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. 

The first dedicated Curie-point PyMS system was built by Meuzelaar and Kistemaker11 at the FOM Institute (Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics) in Amsterdam. This was followed shortly afterward by the construction of the first fully automated instrument, the Autopyms, which used highspeed ion counting and computerized data processing.18,32 The Autopyms led to the manufacture of two commercial machines the Extranuclear 5000 (Extranuclear Laboratories, Pittsburgh, PA) and the Pyromass 8-80 (VG Gas Analysis Ltd., Middlewich, Cheshire, UK). However, neither of these machines proved popular, probably because machine cost was in excess of 100000. 

Schmid, B.K. and Jackson, D.M. The SRC-II Process, Third Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification and Liquefaction, University of Pittsburgh, August 3-5, 1976. 

T. F. Kuech, P. D. Dapkus, and Y. Aoyagi, Atomic Layer Growth and Processing, Vol. 222, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 1991. 

Source Adapted from Bos, H. and Van Dongen, F. Shell Coal Gasification Process, The 23rd International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Sep. 25-28,2006. 

Damle, A.S., Separation of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide in Advanced Fossil Energy Conversion Processes using a Membrane Reactor, 2002 Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, September 2002. 

Nelson, T.O., P.D. Box, D.A. Green, and R.P. Gupta, Carbon Dioxide Recovery from Power Plant Flue Gas using Supported Carbonate Sorbents in a Thermal Swing Process, Sixth Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Pittsburgh, PA, May 2007. 

Picture of process mass spectrometer. (From EXTEL, Extrel CMS, Pittsburgh, PA. With permission.)... 

Gasior, S.J. et al., Production of synthesis gas and hydrogen by the steam iron process—Pilot-plant study of fluidized and free-falling beds, Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations, Pittsburgh, PA, 5911,49,1961. 

Katell, S., Faber, J.H., and Wellman, P.,An Economic Evaluation of Hydrogen Production by the Continuous Steam-Iron Process at Seven Atmospheres, Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations (No. 6089), Pittsburgh, PA, 13,1962. 

Hollingsworth, J. A. Buhro, W. E. Hepp, A. F. Jenkins, P. P. Stan, M. A. 1998. Spray chemical vapor deposition of CuInS2 thin films for application in solar cell devices. Chemical Aspects of Electronic Ceramics Processing, edited by Kumta, P. N. et al., MRS Symp. Proc., Vol. 495, Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 171-176. 

ALCOA A process proposed for manufacturing aluminum metal by the electrolysis of molten aluminum chloride, made by chlorinating alumina. It requires 30 percent less power than the Hall-Heroult process and operates at a lower temperature, but has proved difficult to control. Developed by the Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, in the 1970s and operated in Palestine, TX, from 1976 abandoned in 1985 because of corrosion problems and improvements in the efficiency of conventional electrolysis. 

Invented by H. E. Benson in 1952 and then developed with J. H. Field at the U.S. Bureau of Mines. First licensed by the Benfield Corporation of Pittsburgh, subsequently acquired by the Union Carbide Corporation, and now licensed by UOP. The current UOP version includes new solution activators and incorporates zeolites or membrane processes for complete separation of acid gases and minimal loss of product gases. More than 650 plants were operating in 1996. Variations include the Benfield HiPure process and the Benfield LoHeat process. See also Carsol, CATACARB, Giammarco-Vetrocoke, HiPure. 

Calcilox A process for converting calcium sulfate/sulfite wastes from flue-gas desulfurization into a disposable, earthy material, by use of a proprietary inorganic additive made from blast furnace slag. Developed by Dravo Corporation of Pittsburgh, PA. 

COSTEAM A process for obtaining both gas and electric power from coal. The coal is first liquified by a process which is catalyzed by modifying iron compounds naturally present in some coals. Developed on a laboratory scale by the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center in the 1970s. 

GTSC [Gas to syncrude] A process for converting natural gas to a synthetic crude oil which may be mixed with natural crude oil and used in conventional oil refineries. Based on F-T technology, but using a proprietary slurry bubble column reactor with a promoted cobalt catalyst. Developed by Syncrude Technology, Pittsburgh, PA, in the 1990s. 

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