Petroleum pipeline transportation

Oil pipelines transport petroleum that remains a vital resource for the manufacture of fuels, plastics, solvents, pharmaceuticals, and other important carbon compounds. 

Asphaltene Deposition of Viscous Asphaltic Crude Oil-in-Water Emulsions for Pipeline Transportation. Petroleum Science and Technology, 19,425- 435. 

In the coal-mining industry, more than 300 mines are operated in three coal-mining regions Ukraine produces only 5 5 million tons of its own oil, but the ramified network of oil pipelines supports the operation of 10 petroleum plants. The Ukrainian gas pipelines transport the Russian gas to Central and Western Europe. 

Shale oil contains large quantities of olefinic hydrocarbons (see Table 8), which cause gumming and constitute an increased hydrogen requirement for upgrading. Properties for cmde shale oil are compared with petroleum cmde in Table 10. High pour points prevent pipeline transportation of the cmde shale oil (see Pipelines). Arsenic and iron can cause catalyst poisoning. 

The appHcation that has led to increased interest in carbon dioxide pipeline transport is enhanced oil recovery (see Petroleum). Carbon dioxide flooding is used to Hberate oil remaining in nearly depleted petroleum formations and transfer it to the gathering system. An early carbon dioxide pipeline carried by-product CO2 96 km from a chemical plant in Louisiana to a field in Arkansas, and two other pipelines have shipped CO2 from Colorado to western Texas since the 1980s. EeasibiHty depends on cmde oil prices. 

The main technical difference between Hquid and gas pipeline transport is the compressibiUty of the fluid being moved and the use of pumps, rather than compressors, to supply the pressure needed for transport. The primary use for Hquids pipelines is the transport of cmde oil and petroleum products. 

Pipelines. The feasibility of pipeline transportation depends on the availability of very large quantities of compatible materials between locations with sufficient storage facilities. Thus, pipeline transportation is predominantly, but not exclusively, limited to the movement of hydrocarbons, many of which are raw materials in the production of petrochemicals. Although proprietary pipelines (qv), generally of short distances, ate not unusual, commercial petroleum pipelines are considered to be common carriers available to serve all customers who can tender sufficient quantities of acceptable liquids for transportation between terminals. 

The produced fluids and gases are typically directed into separation vessels. Under the influence of gravity, pressure, heat, retention times, and sometimes electrical fields, separation of the various phases of gas, oil, and water occurs so that they can be drawn off in separate streams. Suspended solids such as sediment and salt will also be removed. Deadly hydrogen sulfide (H2S), is sometimes also encountered, which is extracted simultaneously with the petroleum production. Crude oil containing H2S can be shipped by pipeline and used as a refinery feed but it is undesirable for tanker or long pipeline transport. The normal commercial concentration of impurities in crude oil sales is usually less than 0.5% BS W (Basic Sediment and Water) and 10 Ptb (Pounds of salt per 1,000 barrels of oil). The produced liquids and gases are then transported to a gas plant or refinery by truck, railroad tank car, ship, or pipeline. Large oil field areas normally have direct outlets to major, common-carrier pipelines. 

The petroleum industry can be divided into two subgroups, upstream producers (exploration, development and production of crade oil or natural gas) and downstream transporters (tanker, pipeline transport), and also includes refiners, retailers, and consumers. 

Oil - [COALCONVERSIONPROCESSES - CARBONIZATION] (Vol6) - [COALCONVERSIONPROCESSES - GASIFICATION] (Vol6) - [SIZE ENLARGEMENT] (Vol 22) -fuel for limestone kilns [LIME AND LIMESTONE] (Vol 15) -hydrogen from [HYDROGEN] (Vol 13) -measurement of particles m [SIZE MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLES] (V ol 22) -m nuts [NUTS] (Vol 17) -as petroleum lubricant [LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS] (Vol 15) -pipeline transport [PIPELINES] (Vol 19) -sample analysis by ms [MASS SPECTROMETRY] (Vol 15) -from shale [OIL SHALE] (Vol 17) -steel quenching m [STEEL] (Vol 22) -sulfur removal from [SULFUR] (Vol 23) -tanks for [TANKS AND PRESSURE VESSELS] (Vol 23) -use of fluidization [FLUIDIZATION] (Vol 11)... 

Emulsions may be encountered throughout all stages of the process industries. For example, in the petroleum industry (see Chapter 11) both desirable and undesirable emulsions permeate the entire production cycle, including emulsion drilling fluid, injected or in situ emulsions used in enhanced oil-recovery processes, wellhead production emulsions, pipeline transportation emulsions, and refinery process emulsions [2], Such emulsions may contain not just oil and water, but also solid particles and even gas, as occur in the large Canadian oil sands mining and processing operations [2-4],... 

Pipelines might well be the least expensive option for delivery of large quantities of hydrogen. Pipelines are the main option for transporting refined petroleum products across the country because they are at least an order of magnitude cheaper than rail, barge, or road alternatives. 27 The United States has some 200,000 miles of interstate pipeline carrying petroleum in various forms.28 We also have more than 200,000 miles of interstate natural gas pipelines.29... 

The major movement of liquid and gaseous raw materials and products within a plant to and from the point of shipment is done by pipeline. Many petroleum plants also transport raw materials and products by pipeline. When this is done, local and federal regulations must be strictly followed in the design and specification of the pipeline. 

Pipelines are a vital part of the energy and chemical transportation infrastructure of modern society. They are generally viewed as a safe and economical means to deliver liquid and gas fuels and chemical raw materials to customers. However, the perception of their safety varies with segments of the population. The most common pipeline with which the average person is familiar is the gas main of the local gas distribution system with service connections to homes and businesses in communities. The overall pipeline infrastructure is much more and includes long-distance transmission pipelines in addition to local distribution system pipelines. Besides natural gas, transmission pipelines transport crude oil, gasoline, petroleum products, and chemical products. 

Pipeline Transportation. Unseen and silent, pipeline transportation in the last decade has grown rapidly. The vast network of pipelines in the United States (perhaps a quarter of a million miles) continues to be principally used to transport petroleum products. Most of these pipelines are operated by petroleum companies as private facilities. The... 

Sepawet . [BASF AG] Surfactants for petroleum prod, and for pipeline transport... 

Far under the ground and unseen and even unknown to most people is a vast network (over 200,000 miles) of pipelines which are principally used to transport petroleum and petroleum products. The flow of this traffic is usually in one direction, although in some instances the direction of flow has been reversed. Most of the existing pipelines are operated by oil companies as private facilities however, the Interstate Commerce Commission regards the pipeline as a common carrier transportation agency. Those engaged in pipeline transportation on a for-hire basis are required by the Interstate Commerce Commission to file tariffs covering their operations. 

The chemical industry utilizes pipeline transportation for raw materials and some products, but the distances traversed by chemical pipelines are much shorter than those of the petroleum pipelines. Pipeline transportation, when it can be utilized, represents the lowest-cost form of transportation. Its use depends upon large and continuous volume, one way. 

Pipeline transportation is used for transferring gas, petroleum products, and sewage. The flow is slow, and investment cost is high. However, this mode is not affected by weather conditions and flow goes on continuously. Pneumatic tubes are used for example in hospitals to deliver documents, blood samples etc. 

ISO 15589-1, Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries—Cathodic Protection of Pipeline Transportation Systems. Part I, Onshore Pipelines A polarised potential of 950 mV is required for the effective control of microbial corrosion. 

Pipelines are the lifelines of any organization. It is accepted worldwide that pipelines are the most efficient and safest means of transporting petroleum products however, just as any engineering structure can fail, oil and gas pipelines can and do fail. 

The purpose of all transportation processes was to reduce the pressure drop, by replaeing a viscous or quasisolid hydrocarbon by a less viseous OAV emulsion either for pipeline transportation purposes of waxy (32, 33) or heavy crude (34—42), or by conventional crude in very cold conditions (43), or petroleum produetion by downhole emulsification (44—47). 

MJ Lamb, WC Simpson. Pipeline transportation of waxladen crude oil as water suspension. Sixth World Petroleum Congress, Germany, 1963. Proceedings, Section VE, Paper 13,p23. 

Pipelines transport gases and liquids. Most materials transported by pipeline are fuels. Included are natural gas, liquified natural gas, and other petroleum products. Other hazardous materials, such as anhydrous ammonia, also move through pipelines. Department of Transportation regulations govern pipelines. 

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