Pipeline Safety Act

The PSA of 1987 is currently promulgated by the DOT Office of Pipeline Safety under the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 and the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act as summarized in Table 2.3. Petroleum releases are addressed under 40 CFR Part 195 which is subdivided into six subparts (Subparts A through F). Although these regulations apply to pipeline facilities and the transportation of hazardous liquids associated with those facilities in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, they do not apply to transportation of hazardous liquids via the following  

---

In the United States, pipeline transport is regulated by the Department of TransporUition (DOT) through the Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 and... 

Pipeline Safety Acts, the Resource Conservation Recovery Act, and the Clean Water Act. 

There are three major ammonia pipelines two in the U.S. and one in the USSR. One of the American pipelines (MidAmerica Pipeline System) transports ammonia from the Texas Panhandle to points in Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa. Its total peak capacity delivered to a number of points is 8000 t/day [22]. The other U.S. pipeline, the Gulf Central Pipeline, transports anhydrous ammonia from major producers along the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast to points in Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Indiana and Missouri [23]. Further information on the maintenance and repair of the MidAmerica Pipeline System is given in [24]. The total weight of ammonia in the MidAmerica Pipeline System, when full, is approximately 20,000 tons. Lock valves are 10 miles apart so it would be possible that 400 tons could get out between lock valves [22]. It is known from [12] that in one accident 700 tons of liquid ammonia leaked from the pipeline in the USSR. In the USSR pipeline accident, the aerosol cloud of ammonia covered a forested territory about 40 km in area however, all residents in the region were evacuated in time. Pipeline operations in the U.S. are governed by the national Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968, as amended in 1979 [17]. 

Identify hazardous or regulated raw materials, intermediates, products and wastes that fall under OSHA, resource conservation and recovery act (RCRA), Department of Transportation (DOT) pipeline safety regulations or other impacting regulations. 

The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) oversees pipeline and hazardous materials transportation safety. The administration oversees the nations pipeline infrastructure, which accounts for 64% of energy commodities consumed in the United States. The Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) functions as the safety authority for the nation s 2.3 million miles of natural gas and hazardous liquid pipelines. The office administers a national regulatory program to ensure the safe pipeline transportation of natural gas, liquefied natural gas, and hazardous liquids by pipeline. The Accountable Pipeline Safety and Partnership Act of 1996 requires that OPS adopt rules requiring interstate gas pipeline operators to provide maps of their facilities to the governing body of each municipality in which a pipeline traverses. 

As with other sectors of our society, the operating environment of the pipeline industry has been profoundly altered by September 11, 2001. Security has been elevated to a priority that previously had not been required when the major threat was an occasional and usually minor act of vandalism. In most cases, the threat with gas pipelines may be economic disruption more than public or environmental safety for most incident locations. The lines are buried through most of their runs and there may be more attractive surface targets. However, the threat is real and is being addressed. It is beyond the scope of this entry to elaborate in detail, but enhanced security measures are being evaluated and implemented throughout the industry. 

In the United States, the Department of Transportation (U S. DOT) is the primary regulatory body for transportation-related regulations. The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA) authorizes U.S. DOT to regulate the transportation of hazardous materials. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) has responsibihty for safe and secure movement of hazardous materials by all transportation modes, with the exception of bulk marine shipments. PHMSA establishes the following hazardous materials regulations, which are contained in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) ... 

The flrst point is a reasonable assumption provided there is a disjunctive categorization of locations into material (net) providers and (net) consumers such that there is one unique flow direction within the pipeline, i.e. Xj > 0 or X/ < 0 for all locations j. I.e. if the pipehne is serially operated, the total safety stock has to be distributed among the provider locations. Another situation occurs for cyclic pipehnes. Here, the material flow is unidirectional, but each location can act as consumer or provider as long as the total flow is balanced. The safety stock can be distributed among all participants along the pipehne as long as all participants can feed surplus material from stock to starving partners. 

Pipeline gas transport is connected with creation of cover ruptures and accidental gas ignitions. To minimize impacts of breakdowns it is necessary to have a pipeline safely zone, which size determines the Czech act No. 458/2000. In some cases it is possible to decrease this zone, but in other cases it is necessary to increase this zone (parallel pipelines, gas reservoir, etc.). New safety zone range should be estimated with due regard for acceptable risk level. Safety zones evaluation framework consists of all risk category tasks except societal risk modelling. Thus we consider 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th task category. In some cases we don t include economic damages. 

First developed for the nuclear and aerospace industries. Safety Cases can be used in any activity or industry that poses high risk to workers or the community. One of the first examples was in the United Kingdom where the Nuclear Installations Act of 1965 that required covered facilities to create and maintain a Safety Case in order to obtain a license to operate. Since that time other industries that have used Safety Cases include pipelines, railways, and mining operations. Moreover, in spite of the fact that the term Safety Case is not widely used in the United States, the same approach to the development and application of Safety Management Systems is, in fact, used in other American industries. For example, the U.S. nuclear and space industries prepare Safety Analysis Reports (SARs) and Mission Safety Evaluations (MSEs), respectively. These documents have the same general intent and strucmre as a Safety Case. Within the onshore process... 

The PHMSA is a United States Department of Transportation agency responsible for overseeing the safety of 2.6 million miles of pipeline in addition to approximately 1 million shipments per day of hazardous materials. The administration was created in November 2004 with the signing of the Norman Y. Mineta Research and Special Programs Improvement Act by George W. Bush. 

Premises include any place, vehicle, vessel, aircraft, hovercraft, installation on land, offshore installation, installation resting on the sea bed or other land covered by water and any tent or movable structure within territorial waters. This definition has been extended by the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (Application outside Great Britain) Order 1995 to include offshore installations, wells and pipelines, mines under the sea etc. 

Mutual Reinforcement The reflex action is a safety module implemented locally at each RTU in order to act in case of accidental pipeline break. In order to assess its influence on the system we calculate the pollution probability with and without reflex action No reflex action leaf activated/deactivated). Results demonstrate that the pollution probability increases by 13 % if no reflex action is implemented at the RTUs (1.95e-2 with reflex action to 2.2e-2 without reflex action). The reflex action represents an additional barrier for the attacker to overcome. If the attacker causes the pipeline breach without deactivating the reflex action this latter would react to prevent pollution as the breach would be... 

---