Pipeline development

Sometimes LNG is the only option in regions and countries where political issues constrain pipeline development. 

The spectra have been reduced with the GIRAFFE BLDRS pipeline developed at the Geneva Observatory. EW have been measured with DAOSPEC [2], based on a linelist produced with the Vienna Atomic Line Database (VALD) [3]. Preliminary estimates of the stellar parameters Te//, log g, vt and [M/H] have been obtained from the WFI photometry published by [4] and the color-temperature calibration by [5]. MARCS model stellar atmospheres [6] have been... 

RTP [Rapid Thermal Processing] A process for converting heavy petroleum oil and bitumen to less viscous liquids, which are easier to pump through long-distance pipelines. Developed by Ensyn Petroleum Canada and proposed to be piloted in Alberta in 2002. 

A more promising basis for the development of chemical and petrochemical plants in the north might come as a consequence of any trans-Korean gas-pipeline developments from the very large Russian Kovylta gas fields at Irkutsk. This might provide both energy and feedstock (ethane) for future petrochemieal developments. 

Makholm, J. (2006) The theory of relationship-specific investments, long-term contracts and gas pipeline development in the United States , Paper presented at the ENERDAY, University of Technology, Dresden, April 21. 

The new era has made new pipeline construction a straightforward affair, rather than a political or public relations battle between interests contending for regulatory favor. The FERC has jurisdiction over pipeline licensing under the Natural Gas Act, under a public interest standard. Pipeline developers once engaged in two forms of competition to meet the... 

Coal slurry pipelines are potentially the least costly available means for transporting coal to any location, measured in economic terms. Whether this is true with reference to any particular pipeline can only be determined by detailed evaluation of the conditions of the route. The current coal transportation scenario does not offer any choices between slurry pipelines and railroad, which undoubtedly will necessarily minimize the cost of transporting coal. In this context, the present times warrant assessment of the potential economic, environmental, and social implications of coal slurry pipeline development and transportation of coal through it. 

Muhlfelder, T. (2009). The Shale Gale The Implications for North American Natural Gas Pipeline Development. HIS Global Insight, Englewood, CO (www.ihs.com/prod-ucts/cera/energy-report.aspx id=106592110). 

In this section, the previous elaborations are merged and the core idea of this chapter is addressed, i.e., the combination of supply chain strategies and different customer segments, in order to present the various options of pipeline development within a supply chain. For this purpose, the concepts introduced in the literature review in the introduction are consulted, which contain exploitable information about the different aspects and forces in supply chain management. 

April 26, 1989 - The diesel oil supply pipeline developed leaks in three places between 166-N and the 184-N day tanks, fhe specific cause of the leaks was unknown. A minimum of 1,100 L (300 gal) of diesel oil was released to the soil along the pipeline. Monitoring Wells 199-N-16 and 199-N-17 were sampled. Oil was detected in these samples. Forty-six drums and eight dump trucks of contaminated soil were removed (WHC 1990b). 

Subsea production systems are an alternative development option for an offshore field. They are often a very cost effective means of exploiting small fields which are situated close to existing infrastructure, such as production platforms and pipelines. They may also be used in combination with floating production systems. 

Only one set of pipelines and umbilicals (as with the template) are required from the manifold back to the host facility, saving unnecessary expense. Underwater manifolds are becoming very popular as they offer a great deal of flexibility in field development and can be very cost effective. 

Within the project box, the cashflow oi the project (or other investment opportunity) is the forecast of the funds absorbed and the money generated during the project lifetime. Take, for example, the development of an oil field as the investment opportunity. Initially the cashflow will be dominated by the capital expenditure (capex) required to design, construct and commission the hardware for the project (e.g. platform, pipeline, wells, compression facilities). 

The role that a host facility plays in an incremental development project can vary tremendously. At one extreme all production and processing support may be provided by the host (such as gas lift and water treatment). On the other hand, the host may just become a means of accessing an export pipeline (if a production and processing facility is installed on the new field). 

The AUGUR information on defect configuration is used to develop the three-dimensional solid model of damaged pipeline weldment by the use of geometry editor. The editor options provide by easy way creation and changing of the solid model. This model is used for fracture analysis by finite element method with appropriate cross-section stress distribution and external loads. 

Arzhaev A T, Bougaenko S E., Denisov I N., Aladinsky V V, Makhanev V.O. Technical basis and software development for flaw assessments in NPP pipeline welds. In Ageing of Materials andMethods for the Assessment of Lifetimes of Engineering Plant, R.K. Penny (Ed ), 1997, pp. 63-68. 

The developed method is used in eddy current defectoscopes like Zond VD used for detecting corrosion spots in the body of the plane through aluminium cover, cracks detecting in helicopter blades under dielectric covers up to 8-10 mm thick, in pipelines under protective covers up to 10 mm thick, etc... 

The intelligent magnetic pig KOD-4M-1420 was developed and passed trials. This system is designed to provide corrosion and cracks detection in the operating underground gas pipelines at the distances up to 150 km. 

LORUS is also used for inspection of piping that has been on supports or sleepers for some time, to see whether corrosion has developed at the contact points. But the technique can also be used for corrosion detection under insulation, inspection of pipelines at dike and road crossings, nozzle reinforcement pads or craek detection in suspension systems for railway cars. 

F.H. Dijkstra, J.A. de Raad, H hy Develop Acceptance Criteria for Pipeline Girth Weld Defects European-American Workshop Determination of Reliability and Validation Methods of NDE, Berlin 18-20 June 1997... 

O. Farli, R.M. Denys, S. Crutzen, Development of Acceptance Criteria for Pipeline Girth Weld Defects. European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Copenhagen, 26 - 29 May 1998... 

In the field of radiation methods of control, development work was performed in order to create the X-ray detectors with a low content of silver. X-ray TV systems with improved performance for automatic interpretation of the X-ray TV images, portable radiometers and dosimeters, creation of portable equipment for radioscopy of the welded joints of pipelines, etc. 

In order to control the tightness of welded joints on various products and structures, a range of units and complexes for control of pipes, pipelines, tanks, protective casings were developed, in particular, a set of put-on vacuum chambers for sheet structures. 

The Institute has many-year experience of investigations and developments in the field of NDT. These are, mainly, developments which allowed creation of a series of eddy current flaw detectors for various applications. The Institute has traditionally studied the physico-mechanical properties of materials, their stressed-strained state, fracture mechanics and developed on this basis the procedures and instruments which measure the properties and predict the behaviour of materials. Quite important are also developments of technologies and equipment for control of thickness and adhesion of thin protective coatings on various bases, corrosion control of underground pipelines by indirect method, acoustic emission control of hydrogen and corrosion cracking in structural materials, etc. 

Final Technical Report, Thermie project OG/203/94, Development of a Novel Super Sensitive Leakage Inspection Pig for Inspection of Oil Pipelines , FORCE Institute, 1997... 

---