Pipeline construction

Pipeline Construction date Diameter rating Product Length (km) Anode weight (t)... 

For a particular material of pipeline construction, the friction factor can be assumed. This allows a simple formula to be derived ... 

A pipeline constructed of carbon steel failed after 3 years operation. On examination it was found that the wall thickness had been reduced by corrosion to about half the original value. The pipeline was constructed of nominal 100 mm (4 in) schedule 40, pipe, inside diameter 102.3 mm (4.026 in), outside diameter 114.3 mm (4.5 in). Estimate the rate of corrosion in ipy and mm per year. 

Given the direct link between energy and economic activity, the energy sector has suffered accordingly. A range of capital intensive infrastructure projects are falling victim to the international shortfall of ready capital as projects for power generation, pipeline construction, and liquefied natural gas, for example, have been scaled back or put on hold. 

Usually C02 pipelines are designed using existing national standards for gas and liquid transportation pipes, while additional C02 specific design issues are taken into consideration by the pipeline construction/operation companies to guarantee the reliable and safe operation of a given pipeline. 

Installation of a Brillouin system is most cost-effective when applied to a new pipeline construction when the trenching is available for inserting the optical fiber cables. If the existing sections of buried pipeline require replacement or repair, then the Brillouin system can also be used selectively in high consequence areas. In general, total system costs will vary for each application. 

Once the C02 is captured and compressed, it needs to be transported to the sequestration or utilization locations, unless the capture and sequestration processes are located at the same site. A C02 transportation infrastructure could be done with a rather conventional approach. On land, pipelines for long-distance C02 transport already exist. For example, a pipeline system more than 500 mi. long connects C02 fields in Southern Colorado to oil fields in West Texas. The C02 is purchased at about 15/ton for tertiary oil recovery. The cost of C02 transportation is a function of distance, whereas the costs of pipeline construction vary significantly by region (Doctor et al., 1997). The construction and operation of pipelines for ocean would be quite different from land-based pipelines. Generally, C02 is transported at supercritical pressures (-2000 psi). If C02 is sequestered at geological formations, the transferred C02 may require additional compression at the injection site depending on the specifics of the reservoir (Doctor et al., 1997). 

DuPont 40% "Special Gelatin or "Toval , as well as "Red Cross Extra or a grade of Hi-Cap (p390) and b) Ditch Blasting for Pipeline Construction (pp394—98) with recommended expls DuPont "Hi-Cap ,... 

The variation of average pipeline construction costs with increasing size of line pipe is shown in Figure 2, based on data taken from FERC construction permit applications from July 1991 to July 1992. The cost of a common carrier pipeline project must be reported to the FERC no later than six months after successful hydrostatic testing. 

The most common method of marine pipeline construction utilizes a floating vessel on which the pipe is assembled in a horizontal position. As additional joints or sections of pipe are added to the already-completed segment, the barge is moved forward, actually moving out from under the completed pipeline. This is sometimes called the stovepipe method, named after the manner the pipe sections are added, one after another. This pipeline extends off the stern of the vessel and spans down to the sea bottom. It is supported part of the way down by a construction aid called a pontoon or stinger, This is basically a slender structure pinned to the vessel on one end and with built-in buoyancy that can be controlled so that it floats at the proper angle to the water surface to provide support to the pipeline. 

Construction work, which includes grade construction(Ref 35a,pp 413-23) and ditch blasting for pipeline construction(pp 423-28) Coyote turmelingfpp 215-20 390-92)... 

In contrast to oil and coal, the traditional gas export has basically been linked to pipeline construction and infrastructure development. In a future perspective new solutions may eventually change this picture. Typical of the... 

The core part of the system is the North - South pipelines from the Russian border to the Armenian border. The largest volumes are transported in the DN 1200 and DN 1000 pipeline constructed during 1980-1994. 

GEOTECHNICAL SURVEY OPTIMIZATION FOR PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION IN HIGH MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS... 

Geotechnical Survey Optimization for Pipeline Construction in High 249 Mountainous Regions... 

Difficulties created during the pipeline construction and the operation of the Georgian section of the North-South Caucasus Trans-Caucasian main gas pipeline justify the urgency of applying an improved geotechnical survey methodology. 

Factually, pipeline construction requires accurate information with regard to the natural-techtogenic binary system, comprising the natural environment and the pipeline, for the design and construction. This also includes geotechnical data, as well as process optimisation for the selection of technical and technological parameters that become vital for the normal and safe operation of the pipeline. 

The following physical environmental components of the main pipeline construction contribute to the complexity of nature ... 

The requirement for an essentially new and modern geotechnical survey can be interpreted as developing a consistent scientific conception in consideration of both modern scientific achievements and experience built up worldwide from main pipelines construction projects. 

Standards and method statements envisage geotechnical survey performance only in the pre-construction period that leads to insufficient forecasting of the geotechnical conditions for the main pipeline construction in mountainous areas. Therefore accurate quality assessment of the survey is excluded which is crucial for the mitigation of adequate environmental risks in the design and development phase. 

No comprehensive geotechnical classification for pipeline construction in mountainous areas exists that could sufficiently address various aspects for the development of the binary system comprising the environment-and-pipeline . This would include quantitative and qualitative characteristics of both the environment and the facilities. 

At Stage I conceptual surveys are carried out in order to prepare the conceptual design. The particular objective is to identify the general pattern of the geotechnical conditions for the pipeline construction internationally, in a country or within a certain region, and to make estimation of their possible change in order to select and to make an optimal option for a 10 km wide corridor of interest. 

The task to be solved is mainly accomplished by analysing the literature and archive documents available. At the same time the reconnaissance of the geotechnical surveys are essential. This allows for accurate selection of the most appropriate area for a pipeline. At this stage the accuracy of the total cost estimate for the pipeline construction is within 30-50%. 

At Stage IV the pipeline construction starts for which the relevant work documentation is prepared based on additional engineering surveys conducted in a 22 m wide construction corridor. 

At each stage of the project development the sequence and scope of the survey and the components consisting geotechnical conditions for the pipeline construction will be determined by taking into consideration the above-mentioned theoretical assumptions. While solving the issue the geotechnical conditions for the pipeline construction represent a determined common system of such interrelated system-generating components as ... 

The physical environment structure and the properties determining the pipeline construction require adequate survey and method application. The table 3 provides multiple surveys for various stages. This scheme reveals the library material and literature study, relevant experience generalization, and... 

Scheme illustrating geotechnical activities at various construction stages required for the pipeline construction... 

---