Phytosterols campesterol

Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Perry Ding Xian (Clove) (clove bud) Phytosterols, campesterol, crataegol acid, sitosterols, stigmasterol, niacin, ascorbic acid.50 Antiemetic, carminative, stimulant, treat diarrhea, halitosis, nasal polyps, uterine fluxes, sterility, toothache. 

Phytosterols are structurally very similar to cholesterol and the major phytosterols (campesterol, sitosterol and stigmasterol) have the same kind of membrane viscosity modulating function in plants that cholesterol (C27 3-OH-C6 C6 G61 C5—C8) has in animals. Campesterol (24-methylcholesterol), sitosterol (24-ethylcholesterol) and stigmasterol (A22, 24-ethylcholesterol) are widespread phytosterols. The animal sterols lanosterol and cholesterol are present in particular plants. Phytosterol esters reduce cholesterol absorption and lower LDL-cholesterol. 

FFA, 14.5% acylglycerols (mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols), 0.4% phytosterols (campesterol, p-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and cholesterol), and 1.5% hydrocarbons (mostly squalene). 

Aleurites fordii Hemsl. You Tong (Candlenut) (fruit, aerial part, seed) Saponin, alpha-elaeo stearic, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, tannins, phytosterols, n-hentriacontane, alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterolm, campesterol.50-219 Analgesic activity. Treat anemia, atrophy, edema, vermicide, oil (toxic internally) for parasitic skin diseases. 

The demonstration166 that the side-chains of 24-methylenecycloartanol (96), 24-methylenelophenol, and campesterol incorporated two deuterium atoms, whilst those of 24-ethylidenecycloartanol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol contained a maximum of four deuterium atoms when biosynthesized by cultures of barley embryo in the presence of [Me-2H3]methionine, provides further evidence for the intermediacy of 24-methylene- and 24-ethylidene-compounds in the biosynthesis of C28 and C29 phytosterols. The barley system was also able to convert labelled 24-ethylidenelophenol into radioactive sitosterol efficiently. These results, and those obtained from feeding experiments with [2-14C,(4R)-4-3Hi]MVA, are consistent with a pathway (Scheme 9) to stigmasterol (97) involving isomerization of (98) to a... 

Phytosterols are partially absorbed in the small intestine. Human absorption efficiency is estimated to be approximately 10% for campesterol and campestanol, 4 to 5% for sitosterol and stigmasterol, and negligible for sitostanol. The absorption of cholesterol ranges from 33 to 60%. Structural features, including the length and configuration of the aliphatic side chain of phytosterols, are thought to contribute to the differences in the absorption efficiency between phytosterols and cholesterol. " Phytosterols apparently displace cholesterol by mass action and... 

Canola oil contains a relatively high level of phytosterols (892 mg/100 g), about twice the level in soybean oil or sunflower oil (436 and 496 mg/100 g respectively) (Table 8). p-Sitosterol accounts for about 50%, campesterol 35%, and brassicasterol 14% of the total phytosterols in canola oil. Canola oil is the only common vegetable oil that contains brassicasterol. Plant sterols have been reported to lower plasma cholesterol level (107) by inhibiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol and the reabsorption of biliary cholesterol (108). 

Figure 1. Structures of the common sterols (phytosterols) In corn and their comparison with cholesterol, the main sterol In animals. Note that cholesterol has 27 carbons, campesterol has 28 carbons, and all of the other phytosterols shown have 29 carbons.

Sterols or phytosterols are present in flax oils at a level lower than those in many vegetable oils, 2.3 mg/g in flaxseed oil versus 4.1 to 6.9 mg/g in other oils (Table 2). The composition of sterols was similar to other oils, where p-sitosterol was the main component followed by campesterol and A -avenasterol. Brassicasterol was found in trace amounts in flax oil. This phytosterol is characteristic to plants from the Brassica family and often is used as a marker for oil adulteration (Table 2). 

The proximate composition of almond includes 50.6% lipid, 21.3% protein, 19.7% carbohydrate, 5.3% water, and 3.1% ash (w/w) (1). The most common method for producing almond oil is hexane extraction that affords high oil yields, however, cold pressing is another commercially used procedure for almond oil production (8). Shi et al. (8) assessed the fatty acid composition of almond oil oleic acid was major fatty acid present (68%), followed by hnoleic acid (25%), palmitic acid (4.7%), and small amounts (<2.3%) of palmitoleic, stearic, and ara-chidic acids (Table 1). Almond oil is also a rich source of a-tocopherol (around 390 mg/kg) and contains trace amounts of other tocopherol isomers as well as phyl-loquinone (70pg/kg) (1). Almond oil contains 2.6g/kg phytosterols, mainly p-sitosterol, with trace amounts of stigmasterol and campesterol (1). 

Walnuts contain about 65% lipids, however, considerable differences exist among varieties (range 52-70%, w/w) (1,40). Walnuts also contain 15.8% protein, 13.7% carbohydrate, 4.1% water, and 1.8% ash (w/w) (1). The fatty acid composition of walnut oil is unique compared with other tree nut oils for two reasons walnut oil contains predominantly linoleic acid (49-63%) and a considerable amount of ot-linolenic acid (8-15.5%). Other fatty acids present include oleic acid (13.8-26.1%), palmitic acid (6.7-8.7%), and stearic acid (1.4—2.5%) (Table 5) (40). The tocopherol content of walnut oil varies among different cultivars and extraction procedures and ranges between 268 mg/kg and 436 mg/kg. The predominant tocol isomer is y-tocopherol (>90%), followed by a-tocopherol (6%), and then (3- and 8-tocopherols (41). Nonpolar lipids have been shown to constitute 96.9% of total lipids in walnut oil, whereas polar lipids account for 3.1%. The polar lipid fraction consisted of 73.4% sphingolipids (ceramides and galactosylcera-mides) and 26.6% phospholipids (predominantly phosphatidylethanolamine) (42). Walnut oil contains approximately 1.8g/kg phytosterols (1), primarily p-sitosterol (85%), followed by A-5-avenasterol (7.3%), campesterol (4.6%), and, finally, cholesterol (1.1%) (42). 

Presence of phytosterols in oat oil was first reported by Idler et al. in 1953 (128). Oat grain contains 35-60 mg phytosterols/100 g grain (127). Phytosterol content of oat oil varies between 0.19% to 0.32% (125). p-Sitosterol (40-70% of total sterols) is the major phytosterol in oats. A - and A -Avenasterol are the two other phytosterols that present in significant quantities in oats. Campesterol, stigmasterol, A -stigmasten-3p-ol, A -cholesten-3p-ol, and cholesterol were also present in oat grain. 

The mechanism for the inhibition of cholesterol absorption is thought to involve competitive transfer to the micellar phase during absorption from the intestinal lumen. Phytosterols in the micellar phase may also act as emulsifying agents that selectively inhibit the transfer of cholesterol and other lipids (e.g., carotenoids and vitamins) and, thereby, limit their absorption. The exact kinetics governing the sterol competition for transfer are not known, but dietary sterols are absorbed differently in the digestive tract 40-50% for cholesterol, 12-16% for campesterol, 4-5% sitosterol, and <0.5% for phytostanols (37). Before absorption, esterified sterols are hydrolysed effectively in the upper intestine (191). Absorbed phytosterols are excreted by the liver into the bile but are hardly converted to bile acids (192). Numerous studies in animals and humans approved the safety of phytosterols and phytostanols (37). 

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