Phytomedicines

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that four billion people— 80% of the world population—use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary healthcare. Herbal medicine is a major component in all indigenous peoples traditional medicine and is a common element in Ayurvedic, homeopathic, naturopathic, traditional oriental, and Native American Indian medicine. Opinions about the safety, efficacy, and appropriateness of medicinal herbs vary widely among medical and health professionals in countries where herbal remedies are used. Some countries professionals accept historical, empirical evidence as the only necessary criterion for herbal medicine s efficacy. Others would ban all herbal remedies as dangerous or of questionable value. 

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MATSUMOTO T, YAMADA H (2000) Orally administered Kampo (lapanese herbal) medicine, Juzen-Taiho-To modulates cytokine secretion in gut associated lymphoreticular tissues in mice. Phytomedicine. 6 425-30. 

OTSHUDI A L, FORIERS A, VERCRUYSSE A, VAN ZEEBROECK A, LAUWERS S (2000) / vittV antimicrobial activity of six medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea in Democratic Repnblic of Congo (DRC). Phytomedicine. 7 167-72. 

SAiRAM K, RAO 0 v, BABU M D, GOEL R K (2001) Prophylactic and curative effects ofBacopa monniera in gastric ulcer models. Phytomedicine. 8 423-30. 

TSUCHIYA H, iiNUMA M (2000) Reduction of membrane fluidity by antibacterial sophoraflavanone G isolated from Sophora exigua. Phytomedicine. 7 161-5. 

Gaspar-Marques,C. Rijo,P. Sim5es, M. F. Duarte,M. A. Rodriguez, B. Abietanesfrom Plectranthus grandidentatus and P. hereroensis against methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant bacteria. Phytomedicine 2006, 13, 267-271. 

Robbers JE, Tyler VE. Herbs of Choice The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. New York Haworth Press, Inc., 1999. 

Santos FA, Rao VSN (1998) Inflammatory edema induced by 1,8-cineole in the hindpaw of rats a model for screening antiallergic and anti-inflammatory compounds. Phytomedicine 5(2) 115-119... 

Fukuishi N, Takada T, Fukuyama Y, Akagi M. Antiallergic effect of ardisiaquinone A, a potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Phytomedicine 2001 8 460-464. 

Melzig MF, Pertz HH, Krenn L. Anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic activity of extracts from Droserae herba. Phytomedicine 2001 8 225-229. 

Awad R, Amason JT, Trudeau V, et al. Phytochemical and biological analysis of skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.) a medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties. Phytomedicine 2003 10 640-649. 

Bienvenu E, Amabeoku GJ, Eagles PK, Scott G, Springfield EP. Anticonvulsant activity of aqueous extract of Leonotis leonurus. Phytomedicine 2002 9 217-223. 

Wuttke W, Jarry H, Christoffel V, Spengler B, Seidlova-Wuttke D. Chaste tree (Vitex agnuS Castus)—pharmacology and clinical indications Phytomedicine 2003 10 348-357. 

Jarry H, Thelen P, Christoffel V, Spengler B, Wuttke W. Cimicifuga racemosa extract BNO 1055 inhibits proliferation of the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Phytomedicine 2005 12 178-182. 

Mosaddik MA. In vitro cytotoxicity of tanshinones isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge against P388 lymphocytic leukemia cells. Phytomedicine 2003 10 682-685. 

Perry NSL, Houghton PJ, Jenner P, Keith A and Perry EK (2002). Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil inhibits cholinesterase in vivo. Phytomedicine, 9, 48-51. 

Clifford, L.J. et al., Bioactivity of alkamides isolated from Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Phytomedicine, 9, 249, 2002. 

Ozukul, Y., Silici, S. and Eroglu, E. (2005) Phytomedicine, The anticarcinogenic effect of propolis in human lymphocytes culture, 12, 742-747. 

Assinewe VA, Arnason JT, Aubry A, et al (2002) Extractable polysaccharides of Panax quinquefolius L. (North American ginseng) root stimulate TNFa production by alveolar macrophages. Phytomedicine 9 398 04... 

Bhattaram VA, Graefe U, Kohlert C, Veit M, Derendorf H. (2002) Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of herbal medicinal products. Phytomedicine 9 1-23. 

Briskin DR (2000) Medicinal chemicals and phytomedicines. Linking plant biochemistry and physiology to human health. Plant Physiol 124 507-514. 

Panossian A, Davtyan T, Gukassyan N, Gukasova G, Mamikonyan G, Gabrielian E, Wikman G. (2002) Effect of andrographolide and Kan Jang-fixed combination of extract SHA-10 and extract SHE-3 on proliferation of human lymphocytes, production of cytokines and immune activation markers in the whole blood cells culture. Phytomedicine 9 598-605. 

Amroyan E, Gabrielian E, Panossian A, Wikman G, Wagner H. (1999) Inhibitory effect of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata on PAF-induced platelet aggregation. Phytomedicine 6 27-31. 

Pharmacokinetic and oral bioavailabiUty of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata fixed combination Kan Jang in rats and human. Phytomedicine 7 351-364. 

Maries RJ, Farnsworth NR. (1995) Antidiabetic plants and their active constituents. Phytomedicine 2 133-189. 

Kato A, Yasuko H, Goto H, Hollinshead J, Nash RJ, Adachi I. (2009) Inhibitory effect of rhetsinine isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa on aldose reductase activity. Phytomedicine 16 258-261. 

Jeppesen PB, Gregersen S, Alstrup KK, Hermansen K. (2002) Stevioside induces antihyperglycaemic, insulinotropic and glucagonostatic effects in vivo Studies in the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. Phytomedicine 9 9-14. 

Chen J, Fi WL, Wu JL, Ren BR, Zhang HQ. (2008) Hypoglycemic effects of a sesquiterpene glycoside isolated from leaves of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.). Phytomedicine 15 98-102. 

Daisy P, Jasmine R, Ignacimuthu S, Murugan E. (2009) A novel Steroid from Elephantopus scaber L., an ethnomedicinal plant with antidiabetic activity. Phytomedicine 16 252-257. 

Hnatyszyn O, Mino J, Ferraro G Acevedo C. (2002) The hypoglycemic effect of Phyllanthus sellowianus fractions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Phytomedicine 9 556-559. 

Wirasathien L, Pengsuparp T, Suttisri R, Ueda H, Moriyasu M, Kawanishi K. (2007) Inhibitors of aldose reductase and advanced glycation end-products formation from the leaves of Stelechocarpus cauliflorus R.E. Er. Phytomedicine 14 546-550. 

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