Blood cells culture

Figure 12 IL-6 inducing activity of poly(MA-CDA)s from human peripheral whole blood cell culture. The doses of po-ly(MA-CDA)s were 1 mg/ml, 100 /xg/ml, and 10 /xg/ml. The doses of the LPS were 1 ng/ml and 100 pg/ml.

IL-6 induction in human peripheral whole-blood cell culture [10,11] and determination of its level using ELISA and Limulus activity measured by means of Endospecy Test (Seikagaku Co., Tokyo, Japan) were performed as described [8]. lL-6 induction in THP-1 cells was performed as reported [12]. In brief, sample solution (25 p.L) and 100 p.L of THP-1 cells (1.0 X 10 cells/mL, preincubation with 50 ng/mL vitamin D3 at 37°C in CO2 for 72 h) were incubated in RPMl-1640 medium with or without 2% fetal calf serum... 

Panossian A, Davtyan T, Gukassyan N, Gukasova G, Mamikonyan G, Gabrielian E, Wikman G. (2002) Effect of andrographolide and Kan Jang-fixed combination of extract SHA-10 and extract SHE-3 on proliferation of human lymphocytes, production of cytokines and immune activation markers in the whole blood cells culture. Phytomedicine 9 598-605. 

The source of nitric oxide was diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide, DETA/ NO (Scheme 20.4) a compound that has been used in studies of the cytostatic, vasodilatory and other pharmacological properties of NO [65-67]. DETA/NO is a 1-substituted diazen-l-ium-l,2-diolate containing the [N(0)N0] functional group that has been proved to be useful for the reliable generation of nitric oxide in homogenous solutions [68]. When dissolved in blood, cell culture medium or buffer this compound dissociates to generate NO leaving the nucleophilic structure as a by-product. 

The MagNA Pure LC Instrument allows automated isolation and preparation of nucleic acids. The instrument performs up to 32 nucleic acid isolations in 1 to 3 hours from various specimens, which can include blood, blood cells, culture cells, plasma, serum, sputum, stool, broncho-alveolar lavage, plant tissues, or food products. 

Elsasser-Beile U, von Kleist S, Lindenthal A, Birken R, Gallati H, Monting JS (1993) Cytokine production in whole blood cell cultures of patients undergoing therapy with biological response modifiers or 5-fluorouracil. Cancer Immunol Immunother 37 169-174... 

In a more direct translation of current macroscale, silica-based, SPE protocols other, microchip-based purification systems have focused on utilizing a packed silica-bead bed or silica sol-gel matrix solid phase for purification. This type of extraction was first miniaturized in a capillary format, to demonstrate the utility of the proposed method in the microscale, by Tian et al., who utilized a 500 nL capillary-based chamber packed with silica particles to establish that PCR-amplifiable DNA (with 80-90% of proteins removed during the load and wash steps) could be obtained from white blood cells with high extraction efficiencies (70%). This demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating such silica-based column purification methods into microfabricated devices and the effectiveness of such methods for the purification of DNA from a wide variety of biological species (white blood cells, cultured cells, and whole blood). 

One of the largest hurdles regarding the routine detection of ATP and adenosine in the brain is the lack of robust analytical methods available for analysis. Purine molecules are well characterized in other bodily fluids, such as the blood, cell cultures, and tissue samples [70,74,155,156], but these methods often do not rely on microdialysis sampling and often use a biosensor or chemiluminescent assay for quantification [157,158]. In general, electrophysiology and small, fast biosensors are the most widely used methods to monitor ATP [159—163], while FSCV has recently been utilized to measure adenosine [152,164]. 

Vertebrate tissues knowm to produce specific collagenases include tadpole skin (epithelium only), human gingivae (epithelium and connective tissues), human skin (epithelium and dermis), bone, synovium, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from the peripheral blood. With the exception of the W hite blood cells, culture is presently required for detection of all other vertebrate collagenases. Uniformly negative results for specific collagenases have been achieved in preparations of vertebrate tissues (except for leukocytes) designed to permit detection of enzymes in lyso-somes. Present data are consistent with the view that collagenase is not stored in celis rather it is produced and released into the extracellular environment w here it may act or be inactivated. 

For additional evaluation of the effect of hydrophobization and the molecular weight of the polymers on the biological immuno-stimulating activity, we investigated the ex vivo cytokine (interIeukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor [TNFj-inducing activity from human peripheral whole blood cells of hydrophobized polymers by use of fractionated poly(M A-CDA) with narrow poly-dispersity. Since this assay uses the intact human cells, it shows more accurate results than in vitro assay using cultured cell line [25]. 

Animal cell cultures that are initiated from cells removed directly from the animal are called primary cultures (Figure 2). Primary cultures include both explant cultures (i.e., cultures initiated from small pieces of intact tissue), as well as cultures initiated from preparations of individual or dispersed cells (obtained from intact tissue by mechanical or proteolytic dismption). Nerve fiber explant cultures in blood plasma were among the earliest types of tissue cultures (Harrison, 1907). Cells grow out from such tissue explants and form a single layer of cells completely filling the tissue culture vessel surface. Such cell cultures are called confluent monolayers. Confluent monolayers can then be treated with trypsin, so as to remove the individual cells from the culture vessel surface. The resulting cell suspension is then transferred into other culture containers, so that more viable monolayer... 

Historically, the development of animal cell culture systems has been dependent upon the development of new types of tissue culture media. Mouse L cells and HeLa cells were developed using a balanced salt solution supplemented with blood plasma, an embryonic tissue extract, and/or serum. In 1955 Eagle developed a nutritionally defined medium, containing all of the essential amino acids, vitamins, cofactors, carbohydrates, salts, and small amounts of dialyzed serum (Table 1). He demonstrated that this minimal essential medium (MEM) supported the long-term growth of mouse L and HeLa ceils. Eagle s MEM was so well defined that the omission of a single essential nutrient eventually resulted in the death of these animal cells in culture. 

ModUch U, Bohne J, Schmidt M, von Kalle C, Knoss S, Schambach A, Baum C (2006) Cell-culture assays reveal the importance of retroviral vector design for insertional genotoxicity. Blood 108 2545-2553... 

White blood cells, red blood cells and cultured fibroblasts are commonly used to measure enzyme activities, especially for the diagnosis of inherited enzyme abnormalities. Leukocytes may be collected by sedimentation in viscous media such as Fycol. The collection of red cells presents no problem following centrifugation of anticoagulated blood. The assay of enzymes and fibroblasts requires appropriate tissue culture facilities and extensive experience in dealing with cultured human cells. 

Chao CC, Molitor TW, Close K, Hu S, Peterson PK (1993) Morphine inhibits the release of tumor necrosis factor in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Int J Immunopharmacol 15 447 53... 

The antioxidant property of ferulic acid and related compounds from rice bran was reported by Kikuzaki et al, (2002). Their results indicated that these compounds elicit their antioxidant function through radical scavenging activity and their affinity with lipid substrates. Another recent study reported by Butterfield et al, (2002) demonstrated that ferulic acid offers antioxidant protection against hydroxyl and peroxyl radical oxidation in synaptosomal and neuronal cell culture systems in vitro. The effect of ferulic acid on blood pressure (BP) was investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). After oral administration of ferulic acid the systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased in a dose-dependent manner. There was a significant correlation between plasma ferulic acid and changes in the SBP of the tail artery, suggesting... 

Whereas the relationship of solute permeability with lipophilicity has been studied in a large number of in vivo systems (including intestinal absorption models [54,55], blood-brain [56 58] and blood nerve [59] barrier models, and cell culture models [60 62], to name just a few), numerous in vitro model systems have been developed to overcome the complexity of working with biological membranes [63-66]. Apart from oil-water systems that are discussed here, the distribution of a solute between a water phase and liposomes is... 

Signs and symptoms of SBP in a patient with cirrhosis and ascites should prompt a diagnostic paracentesis (Fig. 19-4). In SBP, there is decreased total serum protein, elevated white blood cell count (with left shift), and the ascitic fluid contains at least 0.250 x 103/mm3 (0.250 x 109/L) neutrophils. Bacterial culture of ascitic fluid may be positive, but lack of growth does not exclude the diagnosis. 

Group B Streptococcus. Observe the neonate for signs and symptoms of sepsis until 48 hours after birth. If present, start a full diagnostic work-up (including complete blood cell count and blood culture) and empirical antibiotic therapy.43... 

Urinalysis Midstream urine is analyzed microscopically for white blood cells and bacteria Urine should have no white cells or bacteria in it Urine with white cells and bacteria is suggestive of inflammation and infection if positive, urine is sent for bacteriologic culture... 

Microscopic examination of stool is extremely useful and reveals multiple polymorphonuclear leukocytes and red blood cells. Diagnosis is usually confirmed by stool culture. 

Fecal leukocytes and red blood cells (RBCs) are detected in the stools of 75% of infected individuals. Diagnosis of Campylobacter is established by stool culture. 

A 43-year-old male in the surgical ICU after exploratory laparotomy following a motor vehicle accident develops fever that is unresponsive to broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy (piperacillin-tazobactam 3.75 g every 6 hours, gentamicin 120 mg every 8 hours, and vancomycin 1 g every 12 hours). The patient has a central venous catheter and a Foley catheter. Blood cultures are negative at the time, but the patient has yeast growing in the sputum and urine. Laboratory studies reveal a white blood cell count of 11,300 cells/mm3 (11.3 x 109/L). 

The patient is started on fluconazole 400 mg/day, but 3 days later has persistent fever and develops hypotension and decreased urine output. Blood cultures reveal a germ tube-negative yeast growing in the blood. Laboratory studies revealed a white blood cell count of 12,300/mm3 (12x109/L), aspartate aminotransferase 68 IU/L (1.13 pKat/L), alanine aminotransferase 75 IU/L (1.25 pKat/L), alkaline phosphatase 168 IU/L (2.8 pKat/L), and normal bilirubin. Serum creatinine is 1.8 mg/dL (159 pmol/L). 

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