Phytochemicals terpenoids

Supercritical fluid extraction — During the past two decades, important progress was registered in the extraction of bioactive phytochemicals from plant or food matrices. Most of the work in this area focused on non-polar compounds (terpenoid flavors, hydrocarbons, carotenes) where a supercritical (SFE) method with CO2 offered high extraction efficiencies. Co-solvent systems combining CO2 with one or more modifiers extended the utility of the SFE-CO2 system to polar and even ionic compounds, e.g., supercritical water to extract polar compounds. This last technique claims the additional advantage of combining extraction and destruction of contaminants via the supercritical water oxidation process."... 

Rodriguez-Concepcion, M. and Boronat, A., Elncidation of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis in hacteria and plastids a metabolic milestone achieved throngh genomics. Plant Physiol. 130, 1079, 2002. Rodriguez-Concepcion, M., Early steps in isoprenoid biosynthesis multilevel regulation of the supply of common precursors in plant cells, Phytochem. Rev. 5, 1, 2006. Eisenreich, W., Rohdich, F., and Bacher, A., Deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway to terpenoids, Trends Plant Sci. 6, 78, 2001. 

The phytochemical contents of cultivars of the same species can be significantly different, even within the same field. Evidence for this statement has been given in several recent papers and reviews glucosinolates (Rosa et al., 1997), phenolic compounds (Osier and Lindroth, 2001 Kalt et al., 2001 Howard et al., 2002 Scalzo et al., 2005 Dykes et al., 2005 Pandjaitan et al., 2005 Mpofu et al. 2006) and alkaloids and terpenoids (Theis and Lerdau, 2003). 

Abstract Recent chemical studies on the marine soft corals and terrestrial plants have lesnlted in the isolation of several novel componnds. The soft corals, Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae and Cladiella species yielded several novel terpenoids, exhibiting antimicrobial activities. New steroids were isolated from terrestrial fungi, Mucor plumbeus and Coprims micaceus. Phytochemical studies on the Buxus hyrcana, collected from Iran, have yielded steroidal bases. This revdew describes the new natiual products exhibiting different bioactivities from the aforementioned sources. 

Aharoni A, Jongsma MA, Kim T-Y, Ri M-B, Giri AP, Verstappen FWA, Schwab W, Bouwmeester HJ (2006) Metabolic engineering of terpenoid biosynthesis in plants. Phytochem Rev 5 49-58... 

Marston, A., K. Hostettmann, J. B. Harborne, and F. A. Tomas-Barberan. 1991. Plant saponins chemistry and molluscicidal action. Ecological chemistry biochemistry plant terpenoids. Proc. Phytochem. Soc. Europe 31. p. 264-286. 

There is a huge variety of plant defensive secondary metabolites that has been the subject of major phytochemical [1-6] or pharmacological and toxicological [7-12] compilations. This structural complexity is very briefly reviewed below before considering those plant bioactives with signal transduction targets. The major groups are the phenolics, the terpenoids and the alkaloids as well as bioactives structurally related to... 

Gross H, Kdnig GM (2006) Terpenoids From Marine Organisms Unique Structures and Their Pharmacological Potential. Phytochem Rev 5 115... 

Fischer, N.H. Plant terpenoids as allelopathic agents. In Ecological Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Terpenoids. Harborne, J.B. and F.A. Tomas-Barberan (Eds.). Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe. Clarendon Press-Oxford. 1991 pp. 377-398. 

Macias, F.A., Torres, A., Galindo, J.L.G., Varela, R., Alvarez, J,A., Molinillo, J.M.G Bioactive terpenoids from sunflower leaves cv. Peredovick (R). Phytochem 2002b 61 687-692. 

There are several reviews on the phytochemical studies of nutmeg (Satyavathy et al., 1987 Thakur et al., 1989 Ross, 2001 Latha et al., 2005). The constituents of nutmeg can be classified broadly into terpenoids, fatty acids, phenolic acids, lignans, neolignans and miscellaneous compounds. 

Many chemotaxonomic studies have been published that consists of lists of phytochemical data, but a significant number of studies are now appearing that probe such questions as the genetics of terpenoid formation, hybridization and clonal variation, and biochemical evolution. Reviews have appeared on the chemotaxonomy of flowering plants,435 and of terpenoid formation in particular,436 on chemistry in botanical classification,437 on leaf oils of conifers,438 and on biochemical evolution in plants 439 the last named is comprehensive and quite outstanding. 

There are abundant and diverse flavonoids with carbohydrates and lipids, alkaloids (betalain alkaloids and other alkaloids), phenols (chromones, cou-marins, lignans, quinines, and other phenolics), terpenoids (monoterpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones, triperpenoid saponins, carotenoids, and other terpenoids), and minerals as micronutritional phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables of our daily diets. Among these phytochemicals, the flavonoids have specific functionality in relation to age-related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiac infarction, cataracts, and cancer. The authors of each chapter in the first section have presented their evidence in relation to the mechanism of the preventative and therapeutic ability of the compounds. 

More than 5000 different phytochemicals have been identified, but it is believed that thousands more have yet to be discovered (Liu, 2003). Based on their structural characteristics, they may be classified into several groups including polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids (Manach et ah, 2009). As evidence continues to emerge linking phytochemicals to health promotion and disease prevention, there is increased interest in extraction, isolation, and analysis of these compounds from a variety of plant sources. These procedures have been optimized for several different types of phytochemicals and are used in the discovery of compounds from new sources. 

Sottomayor M, Cardoso IL, Pereira LG, Barcel AR. Peroxidase and the biosynfiiesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids in file medicinal plant Cafiiaranfiius roseus (L.) G. Don.. Phytochem. Rev. 

Gross H, Konig GM. Terpenoids from marine organisms unique structures and their pharmacological potential. Phytochem. Rev. 2006 5 115-141. 

This section reviews phytochemical studies concerned with geographical and clonal variation of terpenoid content, variation during the growing season, taxonomic and evolutionary implications, hybridization, and genetics of terpenoid development. 

The leaves of Maytenus senegalensis are used in East Afiica for hookworm infestations. In the Sudan, the antiplasmodial activity of M. senegalensis leaves and stem bark was reported (IC50 5.1 and 3.9 xg/ml respectively). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the dichloromethane fraction of M. senegalensis revealed terpenoids and traces of phenolic principles. The antiplasmodial activity of Maytenus spp. is promising. The survival time was similar to that of CQ (p > 0.05). ... 

L Luyengi, N Suh, HHS Fong, JM Pezzuto, AD. Kinghom. A lignan and four terpenoids from Brucea javanica that induce differentiation with cultured HL-60 promyelo-cytic leukemia cells. Phytochem 43 409 12, 1996. 

Essential Oils and Chemotaxonomy.—This section reviews the literature of the past year for essential oil analyses, but covers the past two years (see Vol. 8, p. 19) for phytochemical papers reporting variation of monoterpenoid content according to geographical, seasonal, and environmental factors, taxonomic and evolutionary implications, hybridization, and genetics of terpenoid development. For the previous report on Chemotaxonomy, see Vol. 7, p. 222. 

Interest in enzyme stereospecificity and the stereochemistry of prochiral centres, such as the methylene groups of mevalonic acid, has necessitated more precise definitions of the stereochemistry of the various molecules involved and of the enzymological consequences. The use of multiply labelled mevalonic acid in terpenoid and steroid biosynthesis has been reviewed by Hanson. The Proceedings of the 1970 Phytochemical Society symposium have been published. They include a general discussion of terpenoid pathways of biosynthesis by Clayton and specific chapters on monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, eedysones, carotenoids, isoprenoid quinones, and chromanols. Other reviews concerning biosynthesis have appeared on furanocoumarins, indole alkaloids, monoterpenoids, and diterpenoids. ... 

BOHLMANN, J GERSHENZON, J., AUBOURG, S., Biochemical, molecular genetic and evolutionary aspects of defense-related terpenoid metabolism in conifers., Rec. Adv. Phytochem., 2000, 34, 109-149. 

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