Physiological modulators

Olson, J.A. and Krinsky, N.I., Introduction the colorful, fascinating world of the carotenoids important physiologic modulators, FASEB J., 9, 1547, 1995. 

Figure 10.3 Possible cellular pathways involved in the physiological modulation of GABAergic function by melatonin via the MTi receptor. See text for explanation. (See also Plate 2.)...

Wilson MA (1996). GABA physiology Modulation by benzodiazepines and hormones. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 10, 1-13. 

Neuro steroids, which may be physiological modulators of brain activity, enhance GABAa receptor function 297 The three-dimensional structures of ligand-gated ion channel receptors are being modeled successfully 297 Mouse genetics reveal important functions for GABAa receptor subtypes 297... 

Neurosteroids, which may be physiological modulators of brain activity, enhance GABAa receptor function. 

Veenstra RD Physiological modulation of cardiac gap junction channels. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol... 

The presence of an alternative energy source such as lactose induces changes in gene transcription (Chapter 28, Section A,l). Such physiological modulation of a... 

IL-1/3 has a potentiating effect on insulin secretion, suggesting a priming effect on B-cell function and also a paracrine effect on A -I- B-cell function. IL-1/3 should be considered to be a physiological modulator of insulin and... 

Thus, taken together, these data indicate that IL-1 is not a physiological modulator of insulin secretion but may have pathophysiological implication during destruction of B-cells leading to Type-I diabetes. 

Nogueiras R, Habegger KM, Chaudhary N, Finan B, Banks AS, Dietrich MO, Horvath TL, Sinclair DA, Pfluger PT, Tschop MH (2012) Sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3 physiological modulators of metabolism. Physiol Rev 92(3) 1479-1514. doi 10.1152/physrev. 00022.2011... 

Taken together, these results show that the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in the physiological modulation of nociceptive transmission and in the development of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid system seems to participate in the antinociception induced by anti-inflammatory drugs, and displays an important synergic effect with opioid agonists. These data strongly support the therapeutic potential of cannabinoid receptor agonists for the treatment of chronic pain. 

These constructs can then be used to investigate different hypotheses regarding the impact of a proposed physiologic modulator (e.g., 100% inhibition of apresumptive target in a particular cell under a particular condition) in patients of different character (e.g., a virtual diabetic who has accelerated gluconeogenic pathways vs. one who has... 

It is evident that variations in thyroid hormone levels are among the main physiological modulators of in vivo cellular oxidative stress. The hypermetabolic state in hyperthyroidism is associated with increases in free radical production and lipid peroxidation (LP), and the hypomet-abolic state in hypothyroidism is generally associated with a decrease in free radical production and LP in most tissues (Fernandez et ai, 1985 Venditti et ai, 1997). The development of a hyperthyroid state in vertebrates leads to enhancement of their basal metabolic rate due to an increase in the rate of O2 consumption in most tissues, excluding the spleen, testis and adult brain (Barker and Klitgaard, 1952). Thyroid hormones were shown... 

Genotypic Cellular Markers. All of the cellular markers thus far studied in detail in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat have been phenotypic markers subject to physiological modulations (e.g./ see 82 for discussion) and are thus... 

Bioactive peptides released by enzymatic proteolysis of various proteins that act as potential physiological modulators of metabolism during intestinal digestion have been reported in recent reports. These peptides usually contain 3-20 amino acid residues, and their activity depends on their amino acid composition and sequence (Pihlanto-Leppala, 2001). Based on their structural, compositional, and sequential properties, they may exhibit different kinds of bioactivities such as antioxidative (Jimg et al., 2005 Kim et al., 2001), antihypertensive (Suetsima et ah, 2004), and immunomodulatory effects (Qien et al., 1995 Tsuruki et al., 2003). 

Besides genetic and environmental influences, oleoresin biosynthesis may be physiologically modulated, at least in part, by means of mechanical wounding (extraction method, frequency of bark removal) and/or chemical stimuli [76]. 

The other known principal physiological modulators of hemoglobin besides oxygen and organic phosphate anions are protons (Bohr effect) and carbon dioxide (Kilmartin and Ross-Bernadi, 1973 Morrow et a/., 1976). Carbon dioxide is transported for excretion partly in combination with hemoglobin in the form of carbamino adducts (Bauer and Kurtz, 1977). The ESR spin-spin interactions of spin labels with hemoglobin and its derivatives have been reviewed recently (Eaton, 1978). 

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