Phenotypic markers

Fig. 4 Plateaus in dose response inhibition curves are a phenotypic marker of resistance to maraviroc...

This procedure, which complements other methods for distinguishing apoptotic and necrotic cell death, employs annexin V-PE as a marker for early apoptotic cells, and 7-AAD for late apoptotic or necrotic cells. Although other versions of this assay have used annexin V-fluorescein together with PI, that combination precludes the use of a third fluorescence color to measure an additional parameter, such as a phenotypic marker, because PI, unlike 7-AAD, has a broad emission spectrum that includes both orange and red fluorescence. 

Bioluminescent strain analysis Selectable phenotypic markers... 

Many examples of antisense or sense suppression of CHS gene activity in P. hybrida have been published, many using it as a phenotypic marker for studying the silencing process rather than through an interest in the effect on flavonoid biosynthesis or function. Only the first reports are referenced here. 

Table 9.2 Phenotypic Markers of Naturally Occurring Treg Cells...

Macrophage Receptors as Phenotypic Markers of Activation States... 

Linkage analysis Analysis of genetic markers linked to genes (e.g. genetic traits or phenotype markers such as enzyme deficien-... 

Wang et al. (107) characterized the mechanism-based inhibition of testosterone 6p-hydroxylation (another CYP3A phenotypic marker) by verapamil enantiomers and each of their CYP3A metabolites—norverapamil and... 

Jones DR, Gorski JC, Hamman MA, et al. Quantification of dextromethorphan and metabolites a dual phenotypic marker for cytochrome P450 3A4/5 and 2D6 activity. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1996 678 105-111. 

Virulence and Potency Testing Live attenuated viral vaccines are considered to have a theoretical risk of reversion to virulence that needs to be tested. This is done by monitoring genetic or phenotypic markers of attenuation or virulence and can include in vitro and in vivo potency tests [62],... 

LISTER, C., DEAN, C., Recombinant inbred lines for mapping RFLP and phenotypic markers in Arabidopsis thaliana., Plant J., 1993, 4, 745-750. 

Primary cultures of cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells (CEC) derived from rat, bovine, porcine, mouse and human can rapidly lose key phenotypic markers of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and undergo cellular senescence after a limited number of divisions in vitro. Furthermore, expression of BBB markers varies considerably among BCEC obtained from different species. These issues, compounded with the problems associated with very limited availability of human brain biopsies, small initial yield of cells and short proliferative life span of human cells, greatly restrict the utility of primary human BCEC as a reliable in vitro BBB model. Therefore, Muruganandam et al. (1997) developed an immortalized human cerebromicrovascular endothelial cell line as an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier. 

Dopamine is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine by the enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH which forms L-3,4-dihydroxylphenylalanine, l-DOPA) and L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) in dopaminergic neurons. The mRNA expression of the TH (which is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine) is abundant throughout the human mesencephalon (Fig. 1) TH is a phenotypic marker for all catecholamines, dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline. Evidence for the presence of TH has been documented in the mesencephalon from at least 4.5 to 7 weeks of human fetal life... 

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