Physiological modulators hormones

Wilson MA (1996). GABA physiology Modulation by benzodiazepines and hormones. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology, 10, 1-13. 

It is evident that variations in thyroid hormone levels are among the main physiological modulators of in vivo cellular oxidative stress. The hypermetabolic state in hyperthyroidism is associated with increases in free radical production and lipid peroxidation (LP), and the hypomet-abolic state in hypothyroidism is generally associated with a decrease in free radical production and LP in most tissues (Fernandez et ai, 1985 Venditti et ai, 1997). The development of a hyperthyroid state in vertebrates leads to enhancement of their basal metabolic rate due to an increase in the rate of O2 consumption in most tissues, excluding the spleen, testis and adult brain (Barker and Klitgaard, 1952). Thyroid hormones were shown... 

Burdakov, D., Gerasimenko, 0. Verkhratsky, A. (2005). Physiological changes in glucose differentially modulate the excitability of hypothalamic melaninconcentrating hormone and orexin neurons in situ. J. Neurosci. 25,... 

Illes P (1989). Modulation of transmitter and hormone release by multiple neuronal opioid receptors. Review of Physiological and Biochemical Pharmacology, 112, 139-233. 

HT modulates neuroendocrine function 239 5-HT modulates circadian rhythmicity 239 5-HT modulates feeding behavior and food intake 239 Not only does 5-HT have important physiological effects of its own but it is also the precursor of the hormone melatonin 240... 

A large and diverse group of proteins, including enzymes, cytoskeleton, contractile proteins, and receptors, have been shown to be modified by calpains. Thus, a number of enzymes such as tyrosine hydrolase, tryptophan hydrolase, transglutaminase, protein kinase C, and membrane Ca2+-ATPase are activated by calpain proteolysis [38]. Several receptor proteins, in particular receptors for steroid hormones, growth factors, and adrenaline, are modulated by calpains, which participate also in platelet activation, cell fusion, and mitosis [39], Although the physiological roles of calpains continue to be un-... 

The farnesoid X receptor is a member of the class of nuclear hormone receptors, which have key roles in development and homeostasis, as well as in many diseases like obesity, diabetes and cancer. The farnesoid X receptor shows structural similarity to the estrogen receptor (ER ), which mediates a broad spectrum of physiological functions such as regulation of reproduction, modulation of bone density, cholesterol transport and breast cancer. The farnesoid X receptor also shows similarity with the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor y (PPARy), which is involved in fat metabolism, inflammatory and immune responses. The estrogen receptor (ER ), the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor y (PPARy) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) can be clustered in a... 

A number of hormones modulate the actions of PTH, FGF23, and vitamin D in regulating bone mineral homeostasis. Compared with that of PTH, FGF23, and vitamin D, the physiologic impact of such secondary regulation on bone mineral homeostasis is minor. However, in pharmacologic amounts, a number of these hormones have actions on the bone mineral homeostatic mechanisms that can be exploited therapeutically. 

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