Protective tissues

Wool belongs to a family of proteins, the keratins, that also includes hair and other types of animal protective tissues such as horn, nails, feathers, and the outer skin layers. The relative importance of wool as a textile fiber has declined over the decades as synthetic fibers have increa singly been used in textile consumption. Wool is still an important fiber in the middle and upper price ranges of the textile market. It is also an extremely important export for several nations, notably AustraUa, New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina and commands a price premium over most other fibers because of its outstanding natural properties of soft handle (the feel of the fabric), moisture absorption abiUties (and hence comfort), and superior drape (the way the fabric hangs) (see Fibers Textiles). Table 2 shows wool production and sheep numbers in the world s principal wool-producing countries. 

The H202 formed may be reduced by catalase, peroxidase or suitable reducing agents. SOD has been identified in many animal and bacterial cells its biological function is to protect tissue against oxygen free radicals in anaerobic systems (reviewed by Farkye, 1992). 

Inflammation—a state of tissue resulting from a protective tissue response to a chemical (but also mediators produced by sensitized adipose cells in response to allergen), physical injury, infection, or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissues. The classical inflammation is manifested by pain, redness, swelling, heat, and functional disorders. 

Acrolein forms adducts with thiols such as glutathione, cysteine, N- acetylcysteine, and others. Such reaction protects tissues and cells from the cytotoxic effects of acrolein or acrolein-releasing substances (Brock et al. 1981 Chaviano et al. 1985 Dawson et al. 1984 Gurtoo et al. 1983 Ohno and Ormstad 1985 Whitehouse and Beck 1975). 

Oussoren, C., Eling, W. M., Crommelin, D. J., Storm, G., and Zuidema, J. (1998), The influence of the route of administration and liposome composition on the potential of liposomes to protect tissue against local toxicity of two antitumour drugs, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1369,159-172. 

As the intake of vitamin A increases, there is an increase in the excretion of metabolites in bile, once adequate liver reserves have been established. However, the biliary excretion of retinol metabolites reaches a plateau at relatively low levels, and it seems likely that this explains the relatively low toxic threshold (Olson, 1986). Vitamin A intoxication is associated with the appearance of both retinol and retinyl esters bound to albumin and in plasma lipoproteins, which can be taken up by tissues in an uncontrolled manner the amount of circulating retinol bound to RBP does not increase. Retinol has a membrane lytic action it was noted in Section 2.2.2.3 that one of the functions of RBP binding seems to be to protect tissues against retinol, as well as to protect retinol against oxidation (Meeks et al., 1981). 

Although it has been suggested that butylated hydroxytoluene induces tumors in rats, others have suggested that it may protect tissues against the carcinogenic effects of many different substances. 

NO NITRIC OXIDE (nitrogen monoxide) (mediator), nociception The reception, conduction and processing of noxious stimuli. Usually results in the sensation of pain, nociceptive reflex A reflex that protects tissue from injury. 

The lipids of fruits and vegetables are, like the proteins, largely confined to the cytoplasmic layers, in which they are especially associated with the surface membranes. Their content in fruits and vegetables is always lower than 1%. Lipid and lipid-like fractions are particularly prominent in the protective tissues at the surfaces of plant parts — epidermal and corky layers. 

Local reactions to extravasation of mechlorethamine into the subcutaneous tissue result in a severe, brawny, tender induration that may persist for a long time. If the local reaction is unusually severe, a slough may result. If it is obvious that extravasation has occurred, the involved area should be promptly infiltrated with a sterile isotonic solution of sodium thiosulfate (167 mM) an ice compress then should be applied intermittently for 6 to 12 hours. Thiosulfate reacts avidly with nitrogen mustard and thereby protects tissue constituents. 

Human leukocyte elastase (HLE) is a serine protease produced and stored by PMNL and involved in the tissue destruction observed in many inflammatory diseases such as chronic arthritis. In fact, administration of exogenous elastase inhibitors could be a means of protecting tissues from proteolytic attack. 

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