Phrases, definition

Memorize definitions and key phrases definitions can be a useful starting point for many exam answers. 

Since natural language is quite flexible, we have to idealize. In order to avoid complexity, I will ignore quantified phrases, definite descriptions and expressions which contain n-ary relations with n > 2. Here are the relevant operations on constituents of an expression E which contains expressions from a small fragment of English, namely, simple predicates of an arity n < 3, singular terms, and connectives like and , not and the like ... 

In the early days following the discovery of chirality it was thought that only molecules of the type CWXYZ, multiply substituted methanes, were important in this respect and it was said that a molecule with an asymmetric carbon atom forms enantiomers. Nowadays, this definition is totally inadequate, for two reasons. The first is that the existence of enantiomers is not confined to molecules with a central carbon atom (it is not even confined to organic molecules), and the second is that, knowing what we do about the various possible elements of symmetry, the phrase asymmetric carbon atom has no real meaning. 

Definition 2 is phrased in terms of knowledge-based systems rather than expert systems. No reference is made to expert human problem solvers. Definition 2 captures the sense that the representation and manipulation of knowledge is the source of such a system s power, whether or not that knowledge is dkecdy eHcited from a human expert. 

EXTREMELY ELAMMABLE (Where the substance or preparation falls within the definition given in Notes 3c) 9. DANGEROUS LOR THE ENVIRONMENT in combination with risk phrases 10 50... 

This appendix contains a glossary of nearly 200 common and uncommon terms and phrases used in ISO/TS 16949 and the Rules for Achieving lATF Recognition. It contains many terms and phrases not defined in ISO 8402 or ANSI/ASQC A3. Some alternative definitions are provided for clarification. The explanations are given for the context in which the terms are used. 

A few comments on the layout of the book. Definitions or common phrases are marked in italic, these can be found in the index. Underline is used for emphasizing important points. Operators, vectors and matrices are denoted in bold, scalars in normal text. Although I have tried to keep the notation as consistent as possible, different branches in computational chemistry often use different symbols for the same quantity. In order to comply with common usage, I have elected sometimes to switch notation between chapters. The second derivative of the energy, for example, is called the force constant k in force field theory, the corresponding matrix is denoted F when discussing vibrations, and called the Hessian H for optimization purposes. 

When our most recent - and most definitive - meta-analysis was published, the headlines in many newspapers blazoned that antidepressants don t work .1 The Daily Telegraph headline phrased it more specifically, clarifying that antidepressants are no better than dummy pills ,2 but even this headline was not entirely accurate. What our analyses actually showed was that antidepressants work statistically better than placebos, but that this statistical difference was not clinically meaningful. It was too small a difference to be of much importance in the life of a severely depressed person. 

We now extend our definition of a WHILE scheme. We phrase the definition for convenience in terms of our language. The semantics should be obvious from the previous graphical definticns. 

The basis upon which this concept rests is the very fact that not all the data follows the same equation. Another way to express this is to note that an equation describes a line (or more generally, a plane or hyperplane if more than two dimensions are involved. In fact, anywhere in this discussion, when we talk about a calibration line, you should mentally add the phrase ... or plane, or hyperplane... ). Thus any point that fits the equation will fall exactly on the line. On the other hand, since the data points themselves do not fall on the line (recall that, by definition, the line is generated by applying some sort of [at this point undefined] averaging process), any given data point will not fall on the line described by the equation. The difference between these two points, the one on the line described by the equation and the one described by the data, is the error in the estimate of that data point by the equation. For each of the data points there is a corresponding point described by the equation, and therefore a corresponding error. The least square principle states that the sum of the squares of all these errors should have a minimum value and as we stated above, this will also provide the maximum likelihood equation. 

The guidelines provide variant descriptions of the meaning of the term linearity . One definition is, ... ability (within a given range) to obtain test results which are directly proportional to the concentration (amount) of analyte in the sample [12], This is an extremely strict definition, one which in practice would be unattainable when noise and error are taken into account. Figure 63-la schematically illustrates the problem. While there is a line that meets the criterion that test results are directly proportional to the concentration of analyte in the sample , none of the data points fall on that line, therefore in the strictest sense of the phrase, none of the data representing the test results can be said to be proportional to the analyte concentration. In the face of nonlinearity of response, there are systematic departures from the line as well as random departures, but in neither case is any data point strictly proportional to the concentration. 

The phrase OIL RIG can be used to help remember this definition. Because reduction and oxidation occur in the same reaction, such processes are called REDOX reactions. 

In spite of almost global attraction of the critical load concept, the quantitative assessment of critical load values is connected till now with some uncertainties. The phrase significant harmful effects in the definition of critical load is of course susceptible to interpretation, depending on the kind of effects considered and the amount of harm accepted (De Vries and Bakker, 1998a, 1998b). Regarding the effects considered in terrestrial ecosystems, a distinction can be made in effects on ... 

Let two peaks of equal height in a mass spectrum at masses m and m, Am, be separated by a valley which at its lowest point is just 10% of the height of either peak. For similar peaks at a mass exceeding m, let the height of the valley at its lowest point be more (by any amount) than 10% of either peak. Then the resolution (10% valley definition) is m/Am. The ratio m/Am should be given for a number of values of m [4], Comment. This is a typical example of the confusion regarding the definition of the term resolution. Here resolution is used instead of the more appropriate phrase mass resolving power (which is the inverse of resolution). 

The definitions are for those words and phrases that the reader encounters in the regulations. Examples are given below. 

This book does not aim to be an all-inclusive text, rather a companion to other books you will already have in your collection. It aims to allow you to have an additional reference point when revising some of these difficult topics. It will enable you to quickly and easily bring to hand the key illustrations, definitions or derivations that are fundamental to the understanding of a particular subject. In addition to succinct and accurate definitions of key phrases, important equations are derived step by step to aid understanding and there are more than 180 diagrams with explanations throughout the book. 

ALSO KNOWN AS, etc. A definition may conclude with a mention of a synonym of the term, a variant spelling, an abbreviation for the term, or other such information, introduced by "Also known as. . . , " "Also spelled. . . "Abbreviated. . . "Symbolized. . . "Derived from. . . When a term has more than one definition, the positioning of any of these phrases conveys the extent of applicability. For example ... 

Why use ten words to get across a meaning that could be better said in five Those ten words will definitely waste your reader s time and probably confuse the point you re trying to make. Many of the words and phrases that follow are both well known and, unfortunately, well used. They don t convey meaning, and are therefore unnecessary. The following are three of the worst offenders, with usage examples. 

The ideal scenario would be to have the power of a traditional IR analyzer but with the cost and simplicity of a simple filter device, or even better to reduce the size down to that of a sensor (such as the spectral detector mentioned earlier) or a simple handheld device. This is not far-fetched, and with technologies emerging from the telecommunications industry, the life science industry and even nanotechnology, there can be a transition into analyzer opportunities for the future. There is definitely room for a paradigm shift, with the understanding that if an analyzer becomes simpler and less expensive to implement then the role of analyzers/sensor can expand dramatically. With part of this comes the phrase good enough is OK - there is no need for the ultimate in versatility or sophistication. Bottom line is that even in process instrumentation, simple is beautiful. 

The definitions are for those words and phrases that the reader encounters in the regulations. Examples include quality assurance unit, raw data, reference substance, sponsor, study, study director, test substance, test system, testing facility. See Box 7.4 for these definitions. 

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