Phosphorus transformations

Under pressure black phosphorus transforms first to a modification that corresponds to gray arsenic. At an even higher pressure this is converted to the a-polonium structure. Then follows a hexagonal-primitive structure, which has also been observed for silicon under pressure (p. 122), but that hardly ever occurs otherwise. Above 262 GPa phosphorus is body-centered cubic this modification becomes superconducting below 22 K.. 

Oberson A, Besson JM, Maire N, Sticher H (1996) Microbiological processes in soil organic phosphorus transformations in conventional and biological cropping systems. Biol Fertil Soils 21 138-148... 

Brandon AM, Mikkelsen DS. 1979. Phosphorus transformations in alternately flooded California soils. I. Cause of plant phosphorus deficiency in rice rotation crops and correction methods. Soil Science Society of America Journal 43 989-994. 

Jones, R. I., K. Salonen, and H. De Haan. 1988. Phosphorus transformations in the epilimnion of humic lakes Abiotic interactions between dissolved humic materials and phosphate. Freshwater Biology 19 357-369. 

Mechanistic Multiphase Model for Reactions and Transport of Phosphorus Applied to Soils. Mansell et al. (1977a) presented a mechanistic model for describing transformations and transport of applied phosphorus during water flow through soils. Phosphorus transformations were governed by reaction kinetics, whereas the convective-dispersive theory for mass transport was used to describe P transport in soil. Six of the kinetic reactions—adsorption, desorption, mobilization, immobilization, precipitation, and dissolution—were considered to control phosphorus transformations between solution, adsorbed, immobilized (chemisorbed), and precipitated phases. This mechanistic multistep model is shown in Fig. 9.2. 

The microbial cycling of phosphorus does not alter its oxidation state. Most phosphorus transformations mediated by microorganisms can be viewed as inorganic to organic phosphate transfers or as transfers of phosphate from insoluble, immobilized forms to soluble or mobile compounds. Various microorganisms have evolved transport systems for the regulated acquisition of phosphate from the environment. 

Unlike nitrogen, iron and sulphate transformations, which are influenced by biological processes, chemical processes are more important for phosphorus transformations in aquatic environments. Phosphorus is an important element in mangrove forests, as the mangrove trees and other mangrove primary producers as well as the bacteria are often found to be phosphorus limited (Boto Wellington,... 

Cressel, N., McColl, J.C., Preston, C.M., Newman, R.H. and Powers, R.F. (1 996) Linkages between phosphorus transformations and carbon decomposition in a forest soil. Biogeochemistry 33, 97-123. 

Sanyal, S.K. and De Datta, S.K. (1991) Chemistry of phosphorus transformations in soil. Advances in Soil Science 15, 1-120. 

Tiessen, H., Stewart, J.W.B. and Cole, C.V. (1984) Pathways of phosphorus transformations in soil of differing pedogenesis. Soil Science Society of America Journal 48, 853-858. 

Cole, C.V., Elliott, E.T., Hunt, H.W. and Coleman, D.C. (1 978) Trophic interactions in soils as they affect energy and nutrient dynamics. V. Phosphorus transformations. Microbial Ecology 4, 381-387. 

Huffman, S.A., Cole, C.V. and Scott, N.A. (1 996) Soil texture and residue addition effects on soil phosphorus transformations. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, 1095-11 01. 

Oberson, A., Friesen, D.K., Rao, I.M., Buhler, S. and Frossard, E. (2001) Phosphorus transformations in an Oxisol under contrasting land-use systems the role of the soil microbial biomass. Plant and Soil237, 197-210. 

Although it is difficult to identify reasons for these different findings, differences in plant species and soil characteristics are clearly important, as is the contribution of microorganisms in mediating phosphorus transformations between phosphorus pools. 

Jones, R.l. (1990) Phosphorus transformation in the epilimnion of humic lakes biological uptake of phosphate. Freshwater Biology 23, 323-337. 

Siuda, W. (1984) Phosphatases and their role in organic phosphorus transformation in natural waters a review. Polish Archives of Hydrobiology 31, 207-233. 

When combined with NMR spectroscopy, NMR can be used to evaluate linkages between carbon and phosphorus transformations (Gressel etal., 1996 Moller et al., 2000). The main advantage of solution NMR spectroscopy is that it allows direct identification of organic phosphorus forms, although a proportion of the soil organic phosphorus remains unidentified due to its incomplete recovery from soil. In the future, this could be overcome by solid-state P NMR, but this is currently impractical due to low phosphorus concentrations and the presence of paramagnetic impurities, especially in tropical soils (Condron etal., 1997). 

Chapuis-Lardy, L., Brossard, M., Lavelle, P. and Schouller, E. (1 998) Phosphorus transformations in a ferralsol through ingestion by Pontoscolex corethrurus, a geophagous earthworm. European Journal of Soil Biology 34, 51-67. 

Carcia-Montiel, D.C., Neill, C., Melillo, J., Thomas, S., Steudler, P.A. and Cerri, C.C. (2000) Soil phosphorus transformations following forest clearing for pasture in the Brazilian Amazon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 54, 1792-1804. 

Modelling Organic Phosphorus Transformations in Aquatic Systems... 

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