Mangrove forests

Mangrove Forest ecosystems occur on the surface of compact cavernous reef limestone or on carbonate sands, aleuritic and clayey silts in lagoons and shallow... 

The biogeochemical fluxes and exposure pathways of various macro- and microelements are different from those shown for Tropical Rain Forest ecosystems. The chemical composition of leaves of tree species in Mangrove Forest ecosystems is connected with higher content of Mg, Cl and S-SO4- and lesser content of K and Si as compared to the leaves of trees from Tropical Rain Forest ecosystems. The content of A1 is 3-4 times higher than that of Si and this can be related to the values of hydrogenic accumulation of these elements in soils (Figure 3). 

Mangrove forest Nematodes, amphipods, copepods, oligochaetes, polychaetes Fiddler crabs, oysters, barnacles... 

Sample collection. Various plant parts (bark, leaves, roots, and twigs) of II. llttoralls were collected (16) from the Mangrove Forest Reserve in Pagbllao, Quezon in the Philippines. The plant materials were chopped into smaller pieces before extraction. A re-collection of 21 kg of air-dried ground roots was made for bulk extraction. 

In the monsoon season the salinity in mangrove forests may drop to very low levels, limiting the variety of marine life to halotolerant species, in particular lignicolous fimgi. Besides metabolites from fiuigi and the mangroves themselves (Miles 1991), secondary metabolites in the mangrove areas have... 

Overfishing has seen an escalation to the point that many fisheries have been closed because of lack of profit (ludicello 1999). On the other hand, marine ferming causes eutrophication and pollution ofthe waters. In many tropical areas, shrimp farming is also deleterious to the mangrove forest, which has been destroyed to make space for the farms. The size of the problem is made clear by a ban in India and Honduras to shrimp farming along the coasts. 

Alongi, D.M. (1996) The dynamics of benthic nutrient pools and fluxes in tropical mangrove forests. J. Mar. Res. 54, 123-148. 

Alongi, D. M., Wattayakorn, G, Pfitzner, J., Tirendi, F., Zagorskis, I., Brunskill, G. J., Davidson, A., and Clough, B. F. (2001) Organic carbon accumulation and metabolic pathways in sediments of mangrove forests in southern Thailand. Mar. Geol. 179, 85-103. 

Clough, B. (1998) Mangrove forest productivity and biomass accumulation in Hinchbrook Channel, Australia. Mangroves Salt Marshes 77, 171-182. 

Furukawa, K., and Wolanski, E. (1996) Sedimentation in mangrove forests. In Mangroves and Salt marshes, Vol. I., pp. 3-10, SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam. 

Kikuchi, Y., Mochida, Y., Miyagi, T., Fujimoto, K., and Tsuda, S. (1999) Mangrove forests supported by peaty habitats on several islands in the Western Pacific. Tropics 8, 197-205. 

Krauss, K.W., Allen, J.A., and Cahoon, D.R. (2003) Differential rates of vertical accretion and elevation change among aerial root types in Micronesian mangrove forests. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 56, 251-259. 

Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Day, J.D., Twilley, R.R., Vera-Herrera, F., and Coronado-Molina, C. (1995) Flux of nitrogen and sediments in a fringe mangrove forest in terminus Lagoon, Mexico. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 40, 139-160. 

Slim, F.J., Hemminga, M.A., Ochieng, C., Jannink, N.T., Cocheret de la Moriniere, E., and van der Velde, G. (1997) Leaf litter removal by the snail Terebralia palustris (Linnaeus) and sesarmid crabs in an East African mangrove forest (Gazi Bay, Kenya). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 215, 35—48. 

Twilley, R.R (1985) The exchange of organic carbon in basin mangrove forest in a southwestern Florida estuary. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 20, 543-557. 

Twilley, R.R., and Chen, R. (1998) A water budget and hydrology model of a basin mangrove forest in Rookery Bay, Florida. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 49, 309-323. 

Twilley, R.R., Pozo, M., Garcia, V.H., Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Zambrano, R., and Bodero, A. (1997) Litter dynamics in riverine mangrove forests in the Guayas River estuary, Ecuador. Oecologia 111, 109-122. 

Additionally, micrometeorological methods have been applied to measure NH3 fluxes in coastal areas. For example, S0rensen Geemaert et al. (1998) measured the vertical NH3 profile above the seasurface in the Kattegat Strait (western Baltic Sea) and found a flux of NH3 to the seasurface. Recently, Biswas et al. (2005) applied a similar technique and could show that the Sundarban mangrove forest (northeastern Bay of Bengal) was a sink of atmospheric NH3. 

Mangrove forest. October, dark Surface, seasonal 2.4-2321... 

Even in coastal systems where aUocthanous nutrient supply can be very large, nitrification and be an important source of N03. Dham et al. (2002) measured very high nitrification rates in the summer in the shallow water of mangrove forests. The rates were highly correlated with both NH4+ and N03 concentrations and could supply the entire phytoplankton N03 demand in summer. 

Kristensen, E., Jensen, M. H., Banta, G. T., Hansen, K., Holmer, M., and King, G. M. (1998). Transformation and transport of inorganic nitrogen in sediments of a southeast Asian mangrove forest. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 15, 165—175. 

NedweU, D. B., Blackburn, T. H., and Wiebe, W. J. (1994). Dynamic nature of the turnover of organic carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in the sediments of a Jamaican mangrove forest. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 110, 223-231. 

Mangroves are trees in the family Rhizophoraceae, occurring in tropical and subtropical environments as swampy forests fringing muddy, tidal, estuarine, and oceanic shores. Mangrove forests are generally the first type of woody ecosystem that is encountered when a low-lying tropical shore is approached from the ocean. 

Mangrove forests comprise a biome, that is, a distinctive ecosystem that occurs in appropriate habitats worldwide. Compared with other tropical forests, the... 

The red mangrove Rhizophora mangle) is abundant in mangrove forests of south Florida, the Caribbean, and... 

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