Phosphorus dietary sources

Milk is one of the best dietary sources of calcium, not only because of the significant quantity of the mineral present but also because of (1) its calcium-to-phosphorus ratio (1.3 1), which is conducive to optimal skeletal growth, and (2) the presence of nutrients such as lactose and vitamin D in vitamin D-fortified milk, which promote calcium absorption (Ziegler and Fomon 1983 Schaafsma 1983 Renner 1983). 

Cheese is an important dietary source of several minerals, in particular calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium (Table XV). A 100-g serving of hard cheese provides ca. 800 mg Ca, which represents the Recommended Daily Allowance for most adults (Food and Nutrition Board, 1980). However, acid-coagulated cheeses, e.g.. Cottage, contain considerably lower levels of calcium than rennet-coagulated varieties (Renner, 1987). 

Availability values for calcium and phosphorus used by TCORN 6 are constant, at 0.68 and 0.58. This has been criticised as not reflecting differences in availability according to dietary source. For example, NRC (2001) assumes an availability of calcium and phosphorus in forages of 0.30 and 0.64 and concentrates of 0.60 and 0.70 respectively, although data supporting these coefficients are limited. 

Mineral constituents are essential for normal development of humans. As essential elements are not synthesized in body they must be obtained from dietary sources. They play important roles in the metabolic functions. Calcium and phosphorus are essential for bone structure, potassium and sodium are involved in the functions of all organs, iron, copper and manganese are important for enzymatic functions. Cornelian cherry fruits, being rich in essential elements, might be considered as important nutritional supplements. 

Man s dietary requirements for vitamin D cannot be stated simply. The sun s rays acting on the skin produce vitamin D under some conditions this process may supply all that is needed, and no dietary source is required. The amount needed, regardless of source, is influenced by the intake of calcium and phosphorus, although the exact function of vitamin D is still not clear (Nicolaysen and Eeg-Larsen, 1953). The administration of vitamin D during pregnancy does not obviate the need for... 

Poultry meat is also a good source of phosphorus, iron, copper, and zinc. Additionally, it is a rich dietary source of vitamin B-12 and vitamin B-6, and it supplies appreciable amounts of vitamin A, biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and thiamin. 

Vitamin D Vitamin D enhances the efficiency of the small intestine to absorb calcium and phosphorus from the diet and thus helps to maintain normal serum levels of these minerals. Vitamin D deficiency in infants and children results in inadequate mineralization of the skeleton, causing rickets, which is characterized by various bone deformations. The major source of vitamin D is its formation in the skin as a result of exposure to sunlight. Dietary sources include fortified foods, such as milk and cereals, and certain fish. Infant formula is fortified with vitamin D in many countries. Because human milk contains only low amounts of vitamin D, breast-fed infants who do not receive either supplemental vitamin D or adequate exposure to sunlight are at risk for developing vitamin D deficiency. Subclinical vitamin D deficiency can be assessed by measuring serum 25-hydroxyl-vitamin D deficiency occurs months... 

Increasing both dietary Ca and P causes a decrease in PTH-mediated bone resorption polyphosphates and phosphorus in food cause greater reductions than does inorganic orthophosphate, as these sources are slowly released in digestion. 

Table IV. Summary of Effects of Alterations in Dietary Protein and Calcium and Phosphorus Sources in Diets...

In this study, the protein-induced calciuric effect was rather modest. Such could be the response early in life or it may be due to the natural protein sources, which are reported (13, 14) to be less calciuric than purified protein sources. Proteins differ in their calciuric effect and combining them can render them less calciuric. The relative (to calcium) excess of dietary phosphorus, a hypocal-ciuric agent (14) may have also mitigated pronounced hypercalciuria due to excessive protein. 

Martini and Wood (2002) tested the bioavailability of 3 different sources of Ca in 12 healthy elderly subjects (9 women and 3 men of mean SEM age 70 3 and 76 6 years, respectively) in a 6-week crossover trial conducted in a Human Study Unit. Each Ca source supplied 1000 mg Ca/day and was ingested for 1 week with meals (as 500 mg Ca 2x/day), thus contributing to a high-Ca intake (1300 mg Ca/day). A low-Ca intake (300 mg Ca/day strictly from the basal diet) was adhered to for 1 week in-between each treatment. The Ca sources included skim milk, CCM-fortified OJ, and a dietary supplement of CaCOa. Assessment parameters were indirect measures predicted to reflect the relative bioavailability of Ca postprandially via an acute PTH suppression test (hourly for 4h). Longer-term responses to Ca supplementation were assessed via a number of urinary and serum hormone, mineral, and bone resorption biomarkers (i.e., vitamin D, Ca, phosphorus, and collagen t) e 1 N-telopeptide cross-links). 

Potatoes are an important source of different dietary minerals. Potato is listed as providing 18% of the RDA of potassium, 6% of iron, phosphorus and magnesium, and 2% calcium and zinc. Retention of most minerals is high in boiled potatoes cooked with skin (True et al., 1979). Baking a potato with the skin is a good cooking method to retain minerals. 

The zinc contained in plants is not fully utilized by animals. Diets high in calcium and phosphorus have been associated with poor digestibility of dietary zinc. Diets with large amounts of soy protein are particularly likely to require extra zinc fortification for livestock. Meat is an important source of zinc for human diets. Where supplementation of zinc is indicated, zinc sulfate, zinc oxide, and zinc carbonate are commonly used. 

The many diverse components of milk have demonstrable effects on human health. Perhaps, the most commonly associated component of dairy food is that of dietary calcium. Dairy products provide the most significant contribution to dietary calcium intake in the modem Western diet. It has been estimated that dairy products contribute to >72% of dietary calcium in the United States (Huth et al., 2006). Calcium is an important mineral for maintenance of optimal bone health (Bonjour et al., 2009) and is an integral component of key metabolic pathways relating to, for example, muscle contraction both in skeletal and smooth muscle (Cheng and Lederer, 2008). Further, dairy products contribute other essential nutrients in the diet, such as proteins, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, magnesium, selenium, folate, riboflavin, vitamin B12, and vitamin A (Haug et al., 2007 Huth et al., 2006). Low-fat milk alternatives are fortified with vitamin A and vitamin D which is added to milk and fermented milk in many countries making it an important source for vitamin D (Huth et al., 2006). 

Earthworms are a natural feed source for poultry kept under free-range systems and, live or dried, are highly palatable to poultry. Meal made from earthworms contains about 600g/kg CP, with an amino acid composition comparable to that of fishmeal (Ravindran and Blair, 1983). It can replace fishmeal in chick and layer diets but care must be taken to balance the dietary calcium and phosphorus contents, since these minerals are low in earthworms due to the absence of an exoskeleton. Moreover, earthworms are known to accumulate toxic residues, particularly heavy metals and agrochemicals. 

Bone meal is ground up or crushed animal bone. It is put into fertilizer, soil enrichments, and dietary supplements as a source of calcium and phosphorus. 

Fluid and electrolyte disorders and metabolic acidosis are primarily the result of altered transport mechanisms within the kidney and decreased elimination of solutes (see Chaps. 49, 50, and 51). Malnutrition may also occur as dietary changes such as phosphorus restriction are implemented. Foods high in phosphorus are generally also high in protein therefore restriction of these protein sources contributes to malnutrition. Malnutrition may also develop due to decreased appetite in those with severe kidney disease. The likelihood of developing these secondary complications and comorbidities increases as GFR declines. 

Calcium and phosphorus are major minerals that are needed for the development of healthy bones and teeth. These two minerals are found in a crystalline calcium phosphate mineral known as hydroxyapatite, [Cajo(P04) (OH)2l, that makes up the mineral matrix of bone and teeth. In addition, calcium is required for normal blood clotting and muscle function. The RDA for calcium is 1200 mg/day for adults between nineteen and twenty-four years of age and 800 mg/day for adults over age twenty-five. Milk, cheese, canned salmon, and dark green leafy vegetables are all rich sources of dietary calcium. 

Uses Foods (dietary supplement, mineral supplement) pharmaceuticals (tablet diluent excipient abrasive in dentifrices calcium/phosphorus source in multivitamins) stabilizer migrating from food pkg. 

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