Phosphates sodium tripolyphosphate

This subcategory involves sodium tripolyphosphate and calcium phosphates. Sodium tripolyphosphate is manufactured by the neutralization of phosphoric acid by soda ash or caustic soda and soda ash, with the subsequent calcining of the dried mono- and disodium phosphate crystals. This product is then slowly cooled or tempered to produce the condensed form of the phosphates. 

Sodium metasilicate. Sodium Silicate, Sodium phosphate, Trisodium phosphate, Tetrasodium phosphate. Sodium tripolyphosphate, borax etc.)... 

Trisodium phosphate Sodium tripolyphosphate Ninol 5024 Water, D.I. 

Sodium triphosphate (see Trisodium phosphate) Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) - 51, 166, 210, 282, 366, 819, 836, 844 Sodium vanadate - 577 Sodium xylene sulfate - 210 Sodium xylene sulfonate 51, 166, 210 Soft drink concentrates (see Foods)... 

Minerals. Supplementation of macrominerals to mminants is sometimes necessary. Calcium and phosphoms are the minerals most often supplemented in mminant diets. One or both may be deficient, and the level of one affects the utilization of the other. Limestone, 36% calcium, is commonly used as a source of supplemental calcium. Dolomite, 22% calcium oyster sheUs, 35% calcium and gypsum, 29% calcium, are sources of calcium. Bone meal, 29% calcium, 14% phosphoms dicalcium phosphate, 25—28% calcium, 18—21% phosphoms and defluorinated rock phosphate, 32% calcium, 18% phosphoms, are sources of both calcium and phosphoms. Diammonium phosphate, 25% phosphoms phosphoric acid, 32% phosphoms sodium phosphate, 22% phosphoms and sodium tripolyphosphate, 31% phosphoms, are additional sources of phosphoms (5). 

The only tme metaphosphate (ring stmcture) of significant commercial interest is sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP), Na P O. Because of the strain inherent in the small ring stmcture, STMP is more reactive toward nucleophiles than chain phosphates. In the presence of NaOH, for example, STMP forms sodium tripolyphosphate. 

Starch sodium phosphate monoesters [11120-02-8] are prepared by heating mixtures of 10% moisture starch and sodium monohydrogen and dihydrogen phosphates or sodium tripolyphosphate. Starch phosphate monoesters are used primarily in foods, such as pudding starches and with oH-in-water emulsions. 

Phospha.tes, Pentasodium triphosphate [7758-29-4] sodium tripolyphosphate, STPP, Na P O Q, is the most widely used and most effective builder in heavy-duty fabric washing compositions (see also Phosphoric acid and phosphates). It is a strong sequestrant for calcium and magnesium, with a p c of ca 6, and provides exceUent suspending action for soils. Because of its high sequestration power, it also finds extensive appHcation in automatic-dishwashing detergents. Sodium tripolyphosphate forms stable hydrates and thus aids in the manufacture of crisp spray-dried laundry powders. 

The efforts of the detergent industry toward solution of its part of the eutrophication problem are, at this point, less complete than its response to the biodegradabihty problem. Soda ash, Na2C02, sodium siUcate, and, to a lesser extent, sodium citrate formed the basis of the early formulations marketed in the areas where phosphates were harmed. Technically, these substances are considerably less effective than sodium tripolyphosphate. As a precipitant builder, soda ash can lead to undesirable deposits of calcium carbonate on textiles and on washing machines. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Sodium phosphate is generic term and includes the following (1) monosodium phosphate (MSP sodium phospWe, monobasic), (2) disodium phosphate (DSP sodium phosphate dibasic), (3) trisodium phosphate (TSP sodium phosphate, tribasic), (4) sodium acid pyrophosphate (ASPP SAPP disodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), (6) sodium metaphosphate (insoluble sodium metaphosphate), (7) sodium trimetaphosphate, and (9) sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP TPP) Chemical Formula (1) NaHjPO (2) Na HPO (3) NajPO (4) Na H P O, (5) Na P O, (6) (NaPOj) (7) (NaP03)3 (8) (NaP03) NaO (9) Na,P30,o. 

Improved nucleation within the phosphate solution itself can produce smoother coatings without the necessity of recourse to preliminary chemical treatment. This may be accomplished by introducing into the phosphating bath the sparingly soluble phosphates of the alkaline earth metals or condensed phosphates such as sodium hexametaphosphate or sodium tripolyphosphate. Such modified phosphating baths produce smoother coatings than orthodox baths and are very much less sensitive to cleaning procedures. 

Figure 10.1 Types of phosphate structures, (a) Where x = 12 to 14, the structure represents sodium polyphosphate, a phosphate typically used in HW heating and industrial steam boiler formulations. The structure is ill defined and described as glassy rather than crystalline. Where x = 2, it represents sodium tripolyphosphate, (b) This is the structure where effectively, x = 0, and represents trisodium phosphate (sodium orthophosphate), which is commonly supplied in either crystalline or anhydrous powder form and used as an alkalinity booster, boiler boil-out cleaner, and metal surfaces passivator.

Those based on the reaction between magnesium oxide and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP), often in the presence of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), which is mixed with water (El-Jazairi, 1982 Abdelrazigeta/., 1984 Abdelrazig, Sharp El-Jazairi, 1988, 1989). 

The reaction between MgO and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) in aqueous solution yields struvite, MgNH4P04. bHjO, and schertelite, Mg(NH4)2(HP04)2.4H2O, as the main reaction products. Both may be regarded as cementing species. Only minor amounts of MgO are consumed during these reactions as it is present in excess. The reaction is exothermic. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) or borax may be added to retard the reaction. The main course of the reactions may be represented thus ... 

Sodium tripolyphosphate is the main phosphate found in detergents. It acts as a water softener and counteracts the elements that are responsible for hard water while at the same time making the detergent a more effective cleaner. 

The phosphate manufacturing and phosphate fertilizer industry includes the production of elemental phosphorus, various phosphorus-derived chemicals, phosphate fertilizer chemicals, and other nonfertilizer phosphate chemicals [1-30], Chemicals that are derived from phosphorus include phosphoric acid (dry process), phosphorus pentoxide, phosphorus penta-sulfide, phosphoms trichloride, phosphorus oxychloride, sodium tripolyphosphate, and calcium phosphates [8]. The nonfertilizer phosphate production part of the industry includes defluori-nated phosphate rock, defluorinated phosphoric acid, and sodium phosphate salts. The phosphate fertilizer segment of the industry produces the primary phosphorus nutrient source for the agricultural industry and for other applications of chemical fertilization. Many of these fertilizer products are toxic to aquatic life at certain levels of concentration, and many are also hazardous to human life and health when contact is made in a concentrated form. 

The manufacture of phosphorus-derived chemicals is almost entirely based on the production of elemental phosphorus from mined phosphate rock. Ferrophosphorus, widely used in the metallurgical industries, is a direct byproduct of the phosphorus production process. In the United States, over 85% of elemental phosphorus production is used to manufacture high-grade phosphoric acid by the furnace or dry process as opposed to the wet process that converts phosphate rock directly into low-grade phosphoric acid. The remainder of the elemental phosphorus is either marketed directly or converted into phosphoms chemicals. The furnace-grade phosphoric acid is marketed directly, mostly to the food and fertilizer industries. Finally, phosphoric acid is employed to manufacture sodium tripolyphosphate, which is used in detergents and for water treatment, and calcium phosphate, which is used in foods and animal feeds. 

Sodium tripolyphosphate manufacmre generates no process wastes. Wastewaters from the manufacture of calcium phosphates are generated from a dewatering of the phosphate slurry and wet scmbbing of the airborne solids during product operations. 

Sodium tripolyphosphate is made by the reaction of phosphoric acid and sodium carbonate in the proper amounts to give a 1 2 ratio of monosodium and disodium phosphates and then heating to effect dehydration at 300-500°C. 

Cross-linking Monostarch phosphate - Esterification with ortho-phosphoric acid, or sodium or potassium ortho-phosphate, or sodium tripolyphosphate Distarch phosphate - Esterification with sodium trimetaphosphate or phosphorus oxychloride Phosphated distarch phosphate - Combination oftreatments for monostarch phosphate and distarch phosphate... 

Miranol C2M amphoteric Sodium tripolyphosphate Sodium metasilicate Trisodium phosphate Tall oil fatty acid Potassium hydroxide (45%)... 

Sodium Metasiliate Sodium Tripolyphosphate Trisodium Phosphate Aerosol 22 Surfactant Triton CF-10... 

Butoxyethanol 8.0 Mackam JS 3.5 Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate 3.0 Sodium Tripolyphosphate 1.5 Trisodium Phosphate 2.5 Tall Oil Patty Acid 2.0 KOH (45%) 2.1 EDTA (40%) 0.3 Deionized Water 77.3... 

Sodium Tripolyphosphate Trisodium Phosphate Sodium Metasilicate Varamide A-83 Butyl Cellosolve... 

Condensed phosphates containing three- atoms of phosphorus are tripolyphosphates, the most important of which is sodium tripolyphosphate (.STPP). This compound reacts with the protein in meat, fish, and poultry to prevent denaturing or loss of fluids. This properly is sometimes called "moisture binding. STPP also solubilizes protein, which aids in binding diced cured meat, fish, and poultry. It also emulsifies fat to prevent separation. 

To produce sodium tripolyphosphate, a definite temperature control is necessary. When monosodium phosphate and disodium phosphate in correct proportions, or equivalent mixtures of other phosphates, are heated for a substantial time between 300 and 500°C and slowly cooled, the product is practically all in the form of the tripolyphosphate. 

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