Phosphorus production

These adaptations are lost as renal failure progresses. [Ca] X [POJ calcium-phosphorus product. (From Joy MS, Kshirsagar A, Paparello J. Chronic kidney disease Progression-modifying therapies. In DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al, (eds.) Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach. 6th ed. New York McGraw-Hill 2005 834, with permission.)... 

TABLE 23-4. Target Levels for Calcium, Phosphorus, Calcium-Phosphorus Product, and Intact Parathyroid Hormone... 

Ca-P, calcium-phosphorus product CKD, chronic kidney disease PTH, parathyroid hormone. 

The K/DOQI guidelines provide desired ranges of calcium, phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product, and intact PTH based on the stage of CKD (Table 76-2). Measurements should be repeated every 12 months for stage 3, every 3 months for stage 4, and more frequently for stage 5. 

Intramolecular alkyl transfer is a fundamental problem with this reaction this problem can be addressed with modification in structure of the reagents. Neutral trivalent phosphorus reagents do react with carbonyl compounds at much lower temperatures, but lead to several types of pentacoordinated phosphorus products.190-198 More will be noted about the use of such pentacoordinated phosphorus species for carbon-phosphorus bond formation in Chapter 5. 

The generation of aromatic C-P linkages can be accomplished by the reaction of dialkyl phosphites with quinones in the presence of catalytic amounts of acetic acid.449 Excellent yield of the mono-phosphorus product is reported using benzene as the solvent. 

Phosphorus production technology, 79 5 Phosphorus production plants, 79 17 Phosphorus removal, as advanced wastewater treatment, 25 907 Phosphorus-rich phosphides, 79 59 Phosphorus selenides, 22 87 Phosphorus sesquisulfide, 79 47 Phosphorus-silver, UNS designation,... 

The manufacture of phosphorus-derived chemicals is almost entirely based on the production of elemental phosphorus from mined phosphate rock. Ferrophosphorus, widely used in the metallurgical industries, is a direct byproduct of the phosphorus production process. In the United States, over 85% of elemental phosphorus production is used to manufacture high-grade phosphoric acid by the furnace or dry process as opposed to the wet process that converts phosphate rock directly into low-grade phosphoric acid. The remainder of the elemental phosphorus is either marketed directly or converted into phosphoms chemicals. The furnace-grade phosphoric acid is marketed directly, mostly to the food and fertilizer industries. Finally, phosphoric acid is employed to manufacture sodium tripolyphosphate, which is used in detergents and for water treatment, and calcium phosphate, which is used in foods and animal feeds. 

Parameter (mg/L except pH) Phosphorus production (A) Phosphorusconsuming (B) Phosphate (C) Defluorinated phosphate rock (D) Defluorinated phosphoric acid (E) Sodium phosphate (F)... 

This method, sometimes called the Horner-Emmons, Wadsworth-Emmons, or Wittig-Hor-ner reaction,658 has several advantages over the use of phosphoranes.659 These ylides are more reactive than the corresponding phosphoranes, and when R is an electron-withdrawing group, these compounds often react with ketones that are inert to phosphoranes. In addition, the phosphorus product is a phosphate ester and hence soluble in water, unlike PhjPO, which makes it easy to separate it from the olefin product. Phosphonates are also cheaper than phosphonium salts and can easily be prepared by the Arbuzov reaction ... 

Thus this chemistry is designed to provide an alternative to HPCA and possibly also to POCA. It is a low phosphorus product. 

Irradiation Dose and Dose Rate. In most cases, an increase of the dose led to an increase of the degradation products. For a radiation dose lower than 0.1 MGy, the yield of the TBP decomposition products was independent of the irradiation dose and G(HDBP) > G(H2MBP) (85). Above 0.2 MGy, the value of G for the majority of identified phosphorus products decreased with increasing absorbed dose... 

The variability of the P content of fulvic acids appears to be a function of both the hydrologic conditions and the nutrient status of the aquatic system in which the fulvic acids were formed. McKnight et al. (1985) hypothesized that the P in Thoreau s Bog fulvic acids was in the form of organic phosphate esters or inositol phosphates, which are major phosphorus products from the breakdown of plant material. The solubility of these P-containing moieties would be greater in bogwater than in most surface... 

Phosphorus products bone dicalcium phosphate precipitate, defluorinated dicalcium phosphate, defluorinated monocalcium phosphate... 

In the military, white phosphorus is used in ammunitions such as mortar and artillery shells, and grenades. When ammunitions containing white phosphorus are fired in the field, they burn and produce smoke. The smoke contains some unbumt phosphorus, but it mainly has various burned phosphorus products. In military operations, such smoke is used to conceal troop movements and to identify targets or the locations of friendly forces. White phosphorus munitions are intended to burn or firebomb the opponents, in other words, to effectively produce widespread damage but not kill the enemy. 

Elemental phosphorus has been detected in fish and birds from areas in the vicinity of elemental phosphorus production sites (ERCO of Newfoundland), an arsenal production facility (Pine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas), and artillery training sites (Eagle River Flats, Anchorage, Alaska). The concentrations of elemental phosphorus in fish and birds collected from these sites are given in Table 5-2. The concentrations of elemental phosphorus in the gizzard content of a dead waterfowl and a dead mallard... 

Esterification of the phosphorus product from the hydrolysis is performed with the aid of diazomethane and has been applied to 32 organophosphorus insecticides [479—... 

A full account of the technical preparation of phosphorus products with abstraots of patents will be found in. Phosphor, Phosphorsdure und Phosphate," Dr Oscar Kausch, Springer, Berlin, 1929. 

Orrett K. and Karl D. M. (1987) Dissolved organic phosphorus production in surface waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 32, 383-395. 

Calcium phosphorus product (CPP) is generally regarded as an indicator of the likelihood of calcium phosphate precipitation in human tissues and, more specifically, the renal tubules. Based on the normal serum concentration ranges for calcium and phosphorus, the normal range for CPP is 21 to 47.3. Following the use of OSPS, serum phosphorus and CPP transiently increase and the duration and magnitude of this change are likely to be important risk factors for the development of APhN. 

Figure 6. Postulated pathogenesis of NSF (Explanation in the text). Abbreviations GFR, glomerular filtration rate CaxP, calcium-phosphorus product NSF, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis IV, intravenous GCCA, gadolinium-containing contrast agents.

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