Phosphate esters Applications

Frew, J.E., Foulds, N.C., Wilshere, ).M., Forrow, N.J., and Green, M.J. (1989) Measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity by electrochemical detection of phosphate esters. Application to amperometric enzyme immunoassay. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,... 

GAFAC anionics are complex phosphate esters applicable for cosmetics, textile wet processing and finishing, detergent concentrations, ag chem formulations and drycleaning. They function as effective lubricants, hydrotropes, emulsifiers and detergents. 

Phosphonates are organic phosphates characterized by a C-P-O bond, which is much more resistant to hydrolysis than the polyphosphate bond (O-P-O) or the phosphate ester bond (C-O-P), making them suitable for many types of BW treatment formulation. Phosphonates were originally developed for the industrial and institutional (I I) cleaning market in the 1960s, but are commonly employed in a myriad of applications. 

The development of monoalkyl phosphate as a low-skin-irritating anionic surfactant is accented in a review with 30 references on monoalkyl phosphate salts, including surface-active properties, cutaneous effects, and applications to paste- and liquid-type skin cleansers, and also on phosphorylation reactions from the viewpoint of industrial production [26]. The preparation and industrial applications of phosphate esters as anionic surfactants were discussed [27]. 

A review of the preparation, properties, the uses of surface-active anionic phosphate esters prepared by the reactions of alcohols or ethoxylates with tetra-phosphoric acid or P4O10 is given in Ref. 3. The preparation and industrial applications of phosphate esters as anionic surfactants were also discussed in Ref. 31. 

Aqueous, removable, pressure-sensitive adhesive compositions, useful for high-performance applications, comprise a mixture of a copolymer of alkyl (meth)acrylate and N-substituted (poly)amide of (meth)acrylic acid and a copolymer of alkyl (meth)acrylate and ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, where at least one of the copolymers is an emulsion copolymer. Polyoxyalkyl-enes and phosphate esters may be used as surfactants [234]. 

Synthetic fire-resistant fluids have been developed to replace petroleum-based fluids for many applications. Although there are several types of these less hazardous fluids, the only synthetic fluids discussed in this profile are phosphate esters and polyalphaolefins. The phosphate esters are tertiary esters of orthophosphoric acid, 0=P(0H)3, and may be triaryl, trialkyl, and alkyl/aryl. The polyalphaolefins are usually based on 2-decene and contain a mixture of oligomers (dimers, trimers, etc.). 

Marino MP, Placek DG. 1994. Phosphate Esters. In CRC Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology Volume III Monitoring, Materials, Synthetic Lubricants, and Applications, ed. E. Richard Booser. Boca Raton CRC Press, Inc. 269-286. 

In 1970, Monroe and Rooker(28) claimed the use of aluminum salts of acid orthophosphate esters as viscosity builders for use in fracturing fluids. The application of these materials began a new era of hydrocarbon gelling agents. Monroe(29) later claimed the use of Fe30it as a metal activator of phosphate esters and in 1971 described several other metals(30) that could be used with amine neutralization agents. Numerous metallic ionic derivatives can be used as effective "activators" or crosslinkers to prepare a gel. 

Commercially available flame retardants include chlorine- and bromine-containing compounds, phosphate esters, and chloroalkyl phosphates. Recent entry into the market place is a blend of an aromatic bromine compound and a phosphate ester (DE-60F Special) for use in flexible polyurethane foam (8). This paper describes the use of a brominated aromatic phosphate ester, where the bromine and phosphorus are in the same molecule, in high temperature thermoplastic applications. 

For the hydrolysis of phosphate esters under mild conditions, metal ions and metal complexes are the most efficient nonenzymatic reagents currently available. However, they do not reach the catalytic efficiency of enzymes, and higher reactivities are desirable in view of applications. To mimic enzymatic dinuclear sites is a strategy to generate more efficient artificial phosphoesterases. 

Reduction of polymer flammability is of broad interest for applications ranging from plastics to textiles. For polyesters, given their inherent instability towards water at elevated temperatures, and the high temperatures of manufacture, many classes of flame-retardant (FR) agents, including most halogen-containing materials, are impractical. Phosphate esters, capable of incorporation into the polymer backbone, were pioneered by Hoechst AG, and continue to be the materials of choice [84, 85],... 

A different application of visible microscopy was pioneered by Gomori. In 1941 he showed that alkaline phosphatase could be specifically located by its hydrolysis of soluble phosphate esters (initially glycerophosphate). If calcium ions were present in the medium in which the sections were incubated, insoluble calcium phosphate precipitated as a result of the action of the hydrolase. The site of the precipitate could be visualized if cobalt or lead salts were subsequently added to replace calcium and the sections exposed to hydrogen sulfide. In principle many hydrolases and other enzymes could be studied using the appropriate substrates and precipitants. It was important to ensure that the products of the enzyme reactions did not diffuse from the sites where the enzymes were located. It was also essential that the reagents could reach the enzyme site. 

The use of trialkyl phosphates for dialkylation of anilines has been found applicable to naphthylamines and to a large number of anilines substituted in the ortho, meta, or para position by groups such as chloro, methoxy, and methyl and in the meta position by fluoroalkyl (author s laboratory). The reaction has been used to introduce ethyl and M-butyl as well as methyl groups by employing the appropriate phosphate esters. The reported yields range from 50% to 95%. 

The early patent disclosures have claimed the application of a wide spectrum of gas-evolving ingredients and phosphorus-based organic molecules as flame retarding additives in the electrolytes. Pyrocarbonates and phosphate esters were typical examples of such compounds. The former have a strong tendency to release CO2, which hopefully could serve as both flame suppressant and SEI formation additive, while the latter represent the major candidates that have been well-known to the polymer material and fireproofing industries.The electrochemical properties of these flame retardants in lithium ion environments were not described in these disclosures, but a close correlation was established between the low flammability and low reactivity toward metallic lithium electrodes for some of these compounds. Further research published later confirmed that any reduction of flammability almost always leads to an improvement in thermal stability on a graphitic anode or metal oxide cathode. 

Since the phosphate ester s only purpose was fire retardation, a new nonphosphate system was recommended for future applications. The following discussion addresses the results of an accelerated aging study on this formulation. 

T15. Clinical Application of Differential Enzyme Inhibition Human blood serum contains a class of enzymes known as acid phosphatases, which hydrolyze biological phosphate esters under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0) ... 

Phosphate Esters. The principal advantage of phosphate esters is the improved fire retardancy relative to phthalates. The fire performance of PVC itself, relative to other polymeric materials, is very good due to its high halogen content, but the addition of plasticizers reduces this. Consequently there is a need, in certain demanding applications, to improve the fire-retardant behavior of flexible PVC. 

Methyl methacrylate is often used in combination with styrene to improve light transmission and uv stability in flame-retardant glazing applications. Phosphate ester (triethyl phosphate) additives are also included to supplement flame-retardant efficiency benzophenone uv stabilizers are required to prevent yellowing of these uv-sensitive resins. 

Acid chlorides are used for the quantitative determination of hydroxyl groups and for acylation of sugars. Industrial applications include the formation of the alkyl or aryl carbonates from phosgene (see Carbonic and chloroformic esters) and phosphate esters such as triethyl, triphenyl, tricresyl, and tritolyl phosphates from phosphorus oxychloride. 

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