Phenol mixture

Amorphous bisphenol-A polyarylates are soluble in dioxane and in chlorinated solvents such as CH2C12, 1,2-dichlororethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane while semicrystalline and liquid crystalline wholly aromatic polyesters are only sparingly soluble in solvents such as tetrachloroethane-phenol mixtures or pentafluorophenol, which is often used for inherent viscosity determinations. 

Water is necessary for decomposing paraformaldehyde to formaldehyde (Fig. 7.4). However, water can serve as an ion sink and water-phenol mixtures... 

Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids. Organophosphate esters are made by condensing an alcohol (aryl or alkyl) with phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of a metal catalyst (Muir 1984) to produce trialkyl, tri(alkyl/aryl), or triaryl phosphates. For the aryl phosphates, phenol or mixtures of alkylated phenols (e.g., isobutylated phenol, a mixture of several /-butylphenols) are used as the starting alcohols to produce potentially very complex mixtures of organophosphate esters. Some phosphate esters (e.g., tricresyl and trixylyl phosphates) are made from phenolic mixtures such as cresylic acid, which is a complex mixture of many phenolic compounds. The composition of these phenols varies with the source of the cresylic acid, as does the resultant phosphate ester. The phosphate esters manufactured from alkylated phenylated phenols are expected to have less batch-to-batch variations than the cresylic acid derived phosphate esters. The differences in physical properties between different manufacturers of the same phosphate ester are expected to be larger than batch-to-batch variations within one manufacturer. 

When all the sodium has dissolved, the phenoxide-phenol mixture is heated to 150°. With the oil bath or heating mantle still surrounding the flask, and with a protective shield between the reaction vessel and the operator (Note 3), the cold ethereal chloramine solution is added with rapid stirring in a thin stream from the dropping funnel at such a rate that the temperature of the reaction mixture does not drop below 125°. Best results are obtained if the thin stream of ether solution can be added directly to the molten mass without first touching the walls of the flask. 

Using pervaporation through PVA membranes, J. W. Rhim et al. [17] have studied the separation of water-phenol mixtures. 

The pervaporation separation of water-phenol mixtures was carried out using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cross-linked membranes with low molecular weight poly(aciylic acid) (PAA), at 30, 40, and 50 °C. They have used pervaporation because the separation rate is higher (for liquid organic mixtures) in pervaporation than in reverse osmosis. 

One may note that the titration of the humic acid - because of its polyfunctionality - is less steep than that of the acetic acid-phenol mixture. 

Experiment.—Acetic anhydride is added to alcohol, aqueous ammonia, aniline, and phenol. A drop of concentrated sulphuric acid is added to the phenol mixture. 

Key, P.B. and Scott, G.I. Lethal and sublethal effects of chlorine, phenol, and chlorine-phenol mixtures on the mud crab, Panopeus herbstil. Environ. Health Perspect, 60 307-312, 1986. 

Figure 1. Gel permeation chromatograms of phenolysis reaction mixtures— Phenol mixtures reacted for (A) 10 min, (B) 60 min, (C) 120 min, and (D) 240 min.

Aminoguanidine Salts. Sensitive explosive formed in the absence of acid.4 Ammonium Salts. Violent explosion occurs on heating a mixture.4,5 Metal Cyanides. Mixtures explode on heating.6,7 Phenol. Mixture explodes violently on heating.8... 

C. After that the reactive mixture is cooled to 60 °C and a residual pressure of 50-80 GPa is created in the tank for the complete distillation of toluene and excess phenol. The distillation is continued up to 180 °C after that, the water is no longer supplied to the cooler. The distilled toluene and phenol mixture is sent as it accumulates from collector 8 into batch box 2. 

Boufalis, A. and Pelllissier, F. 1994. Allelopathic effects of phenolic mixtures on respiration of two spruce mycorrhizal fungi. J. Chem. Ecol. 20, 2283-2289... 

The separation section receives liquid streams from both reactors. For assessment the residue curve map in Figure 5.7 is of help. The first separation step is the removal of lights. This operation can take place in a distillation column operated under vacuum (200mmHg) with a partial condenser. Next, the separation of the ternary mixture cyclohexanone/cyclohexanol/phenol follows. Two columns are necessary. In a direct sequence (Figure 5.15) both cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol are separated as top products. The azeotrope phenol/cyclohexanol to be recycled is the bottoms from the second split In an indirect sequence (Figure 5.16) the azeotropic phenol mixture is a bottom product already from the first split. Then, in the second split cyclohexanone is obtained as the top distillate, while cyclohexanol is taken off as the bottom product The final column separates the phenol from the heavies. 

Phenolysis Reaction Procedure. To explore the concept of phenolation, mixtures of a commercial spray-dried softwood ammonium lignin sulfonate (10 g, Orzan A, 60% ammonium lignin sulfonate (MW0 = 228), 28% sugars, 6.2% sulfur, 2.5% ash, ITT-Rayonier, Shelton, Washington available in bulk at 17 cents a pound (<9) and commercial grade phenol (15 mL, Reichhold Chemicals Inc., Tacoma, Washington) contained in small pressure bombs (30 mL, Parr Instrument Company, Moline, Illinois) were heated by suspension in a hydraulic... 

Evening primrose meal phenolics (phenolic mixture)... 

Mixtures which separate into two layers at temperatures below the critical temperature.— The water-phenol mixture is not the only one which may separate into two layers below a certain critical temperature 0 and which remains perforce homogeneous at a temperature above 0 the existence of such a crit>-... 

Influence of pressure on the critical temperature of a double liquid mixture.— The critical temperature 0 and the critical peaBmie may naturally depend upon the pressure at which the mixture is studied. Van der Lee has foimd that the critical temperature of a water-phenol mixture rises at the same time as the pressure ... 

Fig. 4.28. Total ion current GC-MS chromatogram for BTX and phenol mixtures in water. (A) Extracted with a polydimethylsiloxane coating. (B) Extracted with a polyacrylate coating. K is the coating/water partition coefficient of the analyte, which drops by more than 2 orders of magnitude for o-xylene and increases by more than 1 for 2,4-dichlorophenol upon changing the coating from non-polar polydimethylsiloxane to polyacrylate. (Reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society.)...

Triphenyl phosphate, diphenyl-cresyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate and mixed (2-propyl-phenyl)-phenyl phosphates belong to this class of compounds. They are manufactured by reacting phosphorus(V) oxychloride with a slight excess of the appropriate phenols or phenol mixtures in the presence of catalysts (magnesium or potassium salts) at temperatures above 140°C ... 

The reaction temperature increases with increasing extent of conversion, the hydrochloride formed escaping as a gas. The excess phenol is distilled off when the reaction is complete. The phosphate esters can be purified by distillation. o-Cresol may not be used in the manufacture of cresyl phosphate on ecological grounds. Isopropyl-phenyl phosphate can, however, be produced using phenol mixtures, which are obtained by the alkylation of phenol with propene. 

This is the best known and most quoted chemistry in this area. Oxidation of a phenol as in Scheme 7, with loss of one proton and one electron, provides an aryloxy radical, which may dimerize three modes of C—C union are possible, and two modes of C—O bonding. Spin density is greatest, in general, in the para position, but coupling is reversible (before intermediate dienone phenolization) and product ratios depend on pH, temperature, concentration and oxidant, for a given phenol. Mixtures of isomeric dimers may, and often do, result. If different phenols are present then potential products are numerous. A survey of the literature indicates that reasonable chemospecificity is most likely observed either in cases of phe-... 

Naugard SP [Uniroyal]. TM for styrenat-ed phenol (mixture of mono, di, tri). 

The constitnents of binary phenol mixtnres can be identihed by differential thermal analysis of a sample to which any of the aroyl chlorides 184-186 has been added. The thermogram is compared with a bank of differential thermograms of phenols, binary phenol mixtures and binary phenol derivatives. Most snch systems show weU-resolved endotherms corresponding to the melting points of the phenols and their acylated derivatives. The method is proposed for rapid identification of phenols in the solid state . 

On distillation of the above mixture in a distillation column, a bottom fraction containing 95-96% p-cresol, 4—5% m-cresol, 1% o-cresol and other alkyl phenols is produced. O-cresol and phenol mixture from the top of the column are further separated into o-cresol (98—99%) and phenol. Further enrichment of p-cresol to 98-99% is done through the process of crystallization and centrifuging. This is discussed in some details in the next chapter. 

Figure 7.3 Comparison of performance between stationary phases of different particie diameter. Above 6cm x 4.6mm i.d. coiumn fiiied with 3ixm ODS-Hypersii, flow rate 2mlmin Below 20cm x 4.6mm i.d. column filled with lOixm ODS-Hypersil, flow rate 0.7 ml min" Mobile phase acetonitrile-water (1 1). Sample 1 pil phenol mixture (Hewlett-Packard).

On reaction with basic nucleophiles, for example organometallic species or alcoholates, substitution products are obtained [2], With only mildly basic to neutral nucleophiles, such as phenolate/phenol mixtures, on the other hand, addition products predominate [3] (Scheme 2.188). 

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