Naphthalene phenol mixture

Manufacture of these explosives received great impetus in Germany and France during World War I, probably on account of the lack of nitrogen compounds. Composition The chief constituent, 60-80 per cent, is a chlorate or perchlorate of ammonium, sodium, or potassium. The other ingredients are combustible products such as charcoal, sulfur, aluminum powder, or mixtures of vegetahle meals uitro derivatives of benzene, toluene, naphthalene, phenol and as de-sensitizers solid hydrocarbons (paraffin) and castor oil may he added. The addition of the nitro compounds serves to improve the propagation. 

In contrast, polynaphthoylenebenziniidazote based on 2,2-bis(3,4-diaminophenyl) hexafluoropropane are soluble not only in H2SO4, m-cresol and a tetrachloroethane-phenol mixture (3 1) (this is characteristic for polymers derived from bis(o-phenylenediamine) and naphthalene-l,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride [183, 184]) but also in N-MP (N-methylpyrolidane). An enhanced solubility of polynaphthoyleiKbenzimidazoles of this series is explained not only by the introduction of a hinge group between naphthalic anhydride moieties, but also by low viscosity characteristics of the systems caused by low basicity of 2,2-bis(3,4-diaminophenyl)hexafluoropropane [185],... 

The first to be used was coal gas. Composed mostly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons, coal gas can be explosive and toxic, but it contains traces of sulfur compounds (natural or added) that give it the rotten-egg smell that indicates a gas leak. This gas was used for illuminating houses and streets beginning in the early 1800s, and it was the gas Bunsen used to fuel his Bunsen burner for spectroscopic studies. Coal tar found its first use as a wood preservative, but coal tar is a complex mixture of aromatic organic compounds, including benzene, toluene, xylenes, naphthalene, phenols, and anthracene as more compounds were isolated from its matrix, identified, and studied, coal tar became the basis for an entirely new chemistry. 

De Haan, A. Fischer, K. Haacke, M. Aufderhaar, O. Petri, M. Gmehling, J. Vapor-liquid equhibria and enthalpies of mixing for binary mixtures of N-methylacetamide with anihne, decane, ethylene glycol, naphthalene, phenol, and water J. Chem. Eng. Data 1997,42, 875-881... 

In another paper from the Jackson Laboratories of the du Pont Company (Calcott et al., 34) there is reported a repetition of some of the reactions of Simons and Archer, as well as additional ones. Mono-, di-, and 1,2,4,5 tetraisopropylbenzene were obtained from propylene and benzene both l -chloro-i-butylbenzene and di-(l/-chloro)-d-butylben-zene were obtained from 3-chloro-2-methyl-propene-l and benzene p-f-butyltoluene and di-i-butyltoluene were obtained from diisobutylene and toluene tetraisopropylnaphthalene was obtained from propylene and naphthalene naphthyl-stearic acid was obtained from oleic acid and naphthalene mixed isopropyltetrahydronaphthalene was obtained from propylene and tetrahydronaphthalene 2,4,6-triisopropylphenol was obtained from propylene and phenol a mixture of monoisopropylated m-cresols was obtained from propylene and wi-cresol and di-(s-hexyl)-diphenyl oxide was obtained from hexene-3 and diphenyl oxide. 

Bioventing technology is applicable to contaminants in the vadose zone as well as contaminated regions just below the water table. It is applicable for any contaminant that degrades more readily aerobically than anaerobically. Most applications have targeted the less volatile petroleum hydrocarbons, although the technology has also remediated mixtures that include acetone, benzene, toluene, biphenyl, phenol, methylphenol, naphthalene, and polycyclic aromatic... 

Franke patented in France in 1886, mixtures of nitrated benzene, phenol, naphthalene or naphthol with solid oxidizers, using as binders non-explosive substances, such as drying oils, soln of collodion or of gum, etc Ref Daniel, Diet (1902), 309... 

When hypofluorous acid reacts with aromatic substrates 7 the isomeric distribution of phenols formed suggests the nature of the transformation is electrophilic, rather than radical 4-methoxy(2-2H)phenol (8) isolated from (4-2H)anisole shows a marked NIH effect (77% incorporation of deuterium).11 A similar reaction with naphthalene gives a mixture of up to three products in low yield (1-naphthol 2.9%, 2-naphthol 0.75% and 1.4-naphthoquinone 7.4%).9... 

The partial electrochemical fluorination of benzene (I), phenol, chlorobenzene (2), ethylbenzene (3), and naphthalene (4) was investigated31 in a cell with a platinum anode (3x17 cm) and a Monel cathode (distances between the electrodes 1.5 to 2.0 mm), in Et3N 3HF as electrolyte with a voltage of 3 to 5 V (5 mA cm-2). The electrolyte was pumped through a degasifier with a HF resistant flow inducer (30 to 50 mL min-1). The reaction mixture was dissolved in HzO and extracted with CH2C12. The products are indicated below. 

The chief advantage in the use of this acid is its selective property, whereby certain sulphonic acids are formed, which could not be formed by direct sulphonation with sulphuric acid or oleum, or which might be formed only in presence of other isomers, the separation of which might be difficult. For example, naphthalene sulphonated with oleum at the ordinary temperature gives a mixture of 1 5- and 1 6-disulphonic acids, while chlorosulphonic acid yields only the 1 5-acid. Similarly, with toluene, chiefly the ortho acid is formed. With excess of chlorosulphonic acid a sulphonyl chloride is formed, except in the case of phenols or naphthols, which give the free sulphonic acid. 

Although significant improvements have been made in the synthesis of phenol from benzene, the practical utility of direct radical hydroxylation of substituted arenes remains very low. A mixture of ortho-, meta- and para-substituted phenols is typically formed. Alkyl substituents are subject to radical H-atom abstraction, giving benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid in addition to the mixture of cresols. Hydroxylation of phenylacetic acid leads to decarboxylation and gives benzyl alcohol along with phenolic products [2], A mixture of naphthols is produced in radical oxidations of naphthalene, in addition to diols and hydroxyketones [19]. 

Figure 4 Example of the application of chrom-NMR/HRMAS with regular NMR solvents and bare silica as a solid phase. Left panel aromatic molecule homologues in deuterated chloroform benzene, naphthalene and anthracene. Right panel alcohol mixture ethylene glycol, phenol, isopropanol in deuterated water. Adapted with permission from Ref. 53. Copyright 2008 Elsevier.

Figure 3.14 Variation of retention with the binary mobile phase composition for methanol-water mixtures on an ODS column. Solutes naphthalene ( ), anisole (o) and phenol (x). Thin lines eqn. (3.38) for k< 50 thick lines eqn.(3.45) for 1 < fc<10. The diverging straight lines suggest an increase of the slope parameter S (eqn.3.45) with increasing capacity factors Figure taken from ref. [322]. Reprinted with permission.

Coal-tar creosote is a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons containing appreciable amounts of tar acids and bases (up to about 5% of each), and has a boiling range between 200 and 355°C. The important hydrocarbons present include fluorene, anthracene, phenan-threne, and some naphthalene. The tar acids are mainly phenols, creosols, xylenols, and naphthols the tar bases consist of pyridines, quinolines, and acridines. 

In 1994, a review on the further development and improvement of the n scale was given by Laurence, Abboud et al. [227], They redetermined n values for a total of 229 solvents, this time using only two (instead of seven) solvatochromic nitroaromatics as indicator compounds, i.e. 4-nitroanisole and A,A-dimethylamino-4-nitroaniline, for good reasons see later and reference [227] for a more detailed discussion. A thermodynamic analysis of the n scale [and the t(30) scale] has been reported by Matyushov et al. [228]. Using six novel diaza merocyanine dyes of the type R-N=N-R (R = N-methylpyridinium-4-yl or A-methylbenzothiazolium-2-yl, and R = 2,6-disubstituted 4-phenolates or 2-naphtholate) instead of nitroaromatics as positively solvatochromic probe compounds, an analogous n azo scale was developed by Buncel et al., which correlates reasonable well with the n scale, but has some advantages for a detailed discussion, see references [333], Another n scale, based solely on naphthalene, anthracene, and y9-carotene, was constructed by Abe [338], n values are mixed solvent parameters, measuring the solvent dipolarity and polarizability. The differences in the various n scales are caused by the different mixture of dipolarity and polarizability measured by the respective indicator. The n scale of Abe is practically independent of the solvent dipolarity, whereas Kamlet-Taft s n and Buncel s n azo reflect different contributions of both solvent dipolarity and polarizability. 

Isopropyl alcohol under UV irradiation converts bromobenzene to benzene in 72% yield (Table 4). Similar replacement of bromine by hydrogen is accomplished by treatment of aryl bromides dissolved in dichloromethane with a mixture of ethanethiol and anhydrous aluminum chloride. This hard acid-soft base combination reacts with polycyclic aromatic halides and halogenated phenols by an addition-elimination mechanism, leading to an aryl ethyl sulfide through a radical anion intermediate. This is converted by another molecule of ethanethiol to the debrominated arene and diethyl disulfide. 1-Bro-monaphthalene is thus transformed into naphthalene (equation 59), 2,4,6-tribromophenol into phenol (equation 60), and bromochlorophenols into chlorophenols in 61-91% yields. ... 

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