Phenol+water

If the third substance dissolves in both liquids (and the solubility in each of the liquids is of the same order), the mutual solubility of the liquids will be increased and an upper C.S.T. will be lowered, as is the case when succinic acid or sodium oleate is added to the phenol - water system. A 0 083 molar solution of sodium oleate lowers the C.S.T. by 56 -7° this large effect has been applied industrially in the preparation of the disinfectant sold under the name of Lysol. Mixtures of tar acids (phenol cresols) do not mix completely with water at the ordinary temperature, but the addition of a small amount of soap ( = sodium oleate) lowers the miscibility temperature so that Lysol exists as a clear liquid at the ordinary temperature. 

The neutralized cleavage product, consisting of acetone, phenol, water, hydrocarbons, and trace organic impurities, is separated in a series of distillation columns. Also in this section alpha-methylstyrene is either recovered as a product or hydrogenated to cumene. 

Lipoteichoic acids (from gram-positive bacteria) [56411-57-5J. Extracted by hot phenol/water from disrupted cells. Nucleic acids that were also extracted were removed by treatment with nucleases. Nucleic resistant acids, proteins, polysaccharides and teichoic acids were separated from lipoteichoic acids by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel or by hydrophobic interaction on octyl-Sepharose [Fischer et al. Ear J Biochem 133 523 1983]. 

Q(x) may be positive (heat absorbed, e.g., phenol + water), or negative (heat evolved, e.g., sulphuric acid + water) it will in general be a function of x and of temperature, but changes only very slightly with pressure. 

Add 4 ml acid phenol (water saturated, low pH [e.g., Sigma P4682]). Vortex well. 

El Khadem18 reported that D-glucosone gives a single spot when developed with collidine-water or phenol-water, Rp values of 0.21 and 0.13 respectively, being recorded. It was stated18 that no movement of the osone occurs on development with butanol saturated with water. Homo-... 

Co-catalysts other than water. Trichloro- and monochloro-acetic acids, when used as cocatalysts, induced instantaneous polymerisation at -140°. With the following co-catalysts the rate of polymerisation at -78° decreased in the order acetic acid > nitroethane > nitromethane > phenol > water [75a]. Since this is also the sequence of the acid dissociation constants of these substances in water, it appears that the catalytic activity , as shown by the rate of polymerisation, is correlated with the acidity of the cocatalyst in aqueous solution. Flowever, there are two reasons for questioning the validity of this correlation. 

The starting material is an 18 electron nickel zero complex which is protonated forming a divalent nickel hydride. This can react further with alkenes to give alkyl groups, but it also reacts as an acid with hard bases to regenerate the nickel zero complex. Similar oxidative addition reactions have been recorded for phenols, water, amines, carboxylic acids, mineral acids (HCN), etc. 

Dichloro-biphenyl Frog 3-Hydroxy analog and other phenols Water Tissues 8... 

Cardiac arrhythmia and bradycardia were reported in a man that splashed an unspecified concentration of a phenol-water solution over his face, chest wall, hand, and both arms (Horch et al. 1994). The cardiac effects were noted during the first 6 hours after exposure. The serum levels of phenol in g/L were 11,400 after 1 hour, 17,400 after 4 hours, and 6,000 after 8 hours. 

Gastrointestinal Effects. During the first few days after a man splashed a phenol-water solution (concentration not stated) on his face, chest wall, hand, and both arms, he complained of nausea and vomited twice (Horch et al. 1994). A worker who was partially immersed for only a few seconds in a shallow vat containing a mixture of 40% phenol in dichloromethane, collapsed after showering and was taken to a hospital where he was found to have bums over 50% of his body. Initial observations were stable however, after drinking fluids, he developed nausea and vomiting (Foxall et al. 1989). 

Moussavi M. 1979. Effect of polar substituents on autoxidation of phenols. Water Res 13 1125-1128. 

The cytokine-inducing active fraction (QM-A) was prepared from E, hirae ATCC 9790 cells as described [9]. Briefly, the bacterial cells (922 g) were delipidated and extracted with hot phenol-water, and the crude extract was digested with RNase and DNase, to give crude LTA fractions. The crude LTA was subjected to two successive chromatography, hydrophobic interaction... 

I Delipidation I Hot phenol-water extraction I Digestion with RNase-DNase... 

Hot phenol-water extraction Digestion with RNase-DNase Hot phenol-water extraction... 

Narasimhan, K.S., Reddy, C.C., and Chari, K.S. Solubility and equilibrium data of phenol-water-isoamyl acetate and phenol-water-methyl isobutyl ketone systems at 30 °C, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 7(4) 457-460, 1962. 

From experiments, equations have been derived that enable calculation of the minimum velocity in the nozzle, the nozzle velocity, and the Sauter diameter at the drop size minimum. They provide the basis for the correct design of a sieve tray [3,4]. Figure 9.4a shows the geometric design of sieve trays and their arrangement in an extraction column. Let us again consider toluene-phenol-water as the liquid system. The water continuous phase flows across the tray and down to the lower tray through a downcomer. The toluene must coalesce into a continuous layer below each tray and reaches... 

In these examples, as one would expect, the interfacial tensions are small and diminish as the critical solution temperature is approached. The differences between the surface tensions of the two phases are generally too small to decide whether the interfacial tension approaches zero asymptotically in all cases although such appears to be the case in the phenol water system we notice however that the temperature coefficient is very small indeed, as is the case for surface tensions of liquids near their critical point, but to a still greater degree. 

It was the intent of the present investigation to examine the one step bleachability of non-phenolic, water-insoluble hydroxypropyl lignin (HPL) derivatives with hydrogen peroxide in homogeneous phase (i.e., aqueous ethanol). 

A flow diagram of an anhydrous phenol solvent extraction plant is shown in Figure 8. Raw distillate is passed through a tower in which it absorbs phenol from the recovery system vapor. The oil is then passed to the treating tower, generally a few sections above the bottom. Anhydrous phenol is introduced at the top of this tower. Phenolic water condensate from the solvent recovery system (about 9.5% phenol) is introduced at the bottom of the tower to effect reflux. A temperature gradient of 10° to 75° F. may be... 

A potentiometric method for determination of ionization constants for weak acids and bases in mixed solvents and for determination of solubility product constants in mixed solvents is described. The method utilizes glass electrodes, is rapid and convenient, and gives results in agreement with corresponding values from the literature. After describing the experimental details of the method, we present results of its application to three types of ionization equilibria. These results include a study of the thermodynamics of ionization of acetic acid, benzoic acid, phenol, water, and silver chloride in aqueous mixtures of acetone, tetrahydrofuran, and ethanol. The solvent compositions in these studies were varied from 0 to ca. 70 mass % nonaqueous component, and measurements were made at several temperatures between 10° and 40°C. 

To understand the fundamental photochemical processes in biologically relevant molecular systems, prototype molecules like phenol or indole - the chromophores of the amino acids tyrosine respective trypthophan - embedded in clusters of ammonia or water molecules are an important object of research. Numerous studies have been performed concerning the dynamics of photoinduced processes in phenol-ammonia or phenol-water clusters (see e. g. [1,2]). As a main result a hydrogen transfer reaction has been clearly indicated in phenol(NH3)n clusters [2], whereas for phenol(H20)n complexes no signature for such a reaction has been found. According to a general theoretical model [3] a similar behavior is expected for the indole molecule surrounded by ammonia or water clusters. As the primary step an internal conversion from the initially excited nn state to a dark 7ta state is predicted which may be followed by the H-transfer process on the 7ia potential energy surface. 

---