Ground water phenols

Del Fino F, Dube D (1976) Persistent contamination of ground water by phenol. J Environ Sci Health 43 345... 

Ehrlich GG, Goelitz DF, Godsy EM, et al. 1982. Degradation of phenolic contaminants in ground water by anaerobic bacteria St. Louis Park, MN. Ground Water 20 703-710. 

The majority of systems studied have been aqueous solutions of either aromatic compounds or halogenated hydrocarbons. Such materials represent models for the major classes of organic pollutants in waste and ground water. The primary products resulting from the sonochemical treatment of phenol at 541 kHz (27 °C with bubbled air) are hydroquinone and catechol [22]. These compounds are easy to monitor and are clearly seen to be intermediates which disappear as the reaction progresses (Fig. 4.1). Similarly the sonolysis of aqueous 4-chlorophenol leads to products mainly characteristic of oxidation by OH radical e. g. 4-chlorocatechol but in both cases the final organic products are CO, CO2 and HCOOH (Scheme 4.2) [22-25]. 

Phenols are important industrial chemicals, for example, in the production of various plastics and resins, and may leach into surface and ground waters either during production or from the discharged products at landfill sites. Because of their ecological importance and their widespread use, methods for phenols and related compounds (e.g., anilines) were developed already at an early stage. Many of these methods rely on GC (or GC/MS), which normally requires derivatization prior to GC analysis. Standard methods for the derivatization of phenols are silylation, methylation, or acetylation.5 The last mentioned has the advantage that it can be carried out in the aqueous sample directly. The deriva-tized phenols can thus be extracted more easily and with a higher yield from the aqueous sample by... 

Neurath SK, Ferguson WJ, Dean SB, Foose D, Agrawal A. Rapid and complete dehalogenation of chlorinated phenols by Fe-Pd bimetallic reductants in bench-scale reactors implications for soil and ground water remediation. 213th National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, American Chemical Society 1997 37(1) 159-161. 

The developed method was applied to spiked drinking water, ground water, and river water samples and was used to detect halo-phenols in paper mill effluents. The described method is rapid and can be applied to control the water quality of environmental waters with respect to these important classes of organic pollutants and ammonia. 

To determine partial pressure of any organic compormd i is needed the information about its solubility or solubibty coefficient in ground water and nonpolar solution. These values for fresh water may be found in Handbook of physicochemical properties and environmental2006. For accormting for the effect of mineral salts of water solutions should be used equation (2.290). Solubility of nonpolar compormds declines with increase in salinity. For instance, Sechenov coefficient in normal conditions is equal for aniline 0.130, for phenol - 0.133, and for benzene and nitrobenzene - 0.166 (Sergeyeva, 1965). The saturated vapour pressure and solubility parameters for a number of organic compounds are listed in Table 2.32. As a rule, saturated vapour pressure is provided in mm Hg, more rarely in Pa or atmospheres (1 mm Hg = 133.3224 Pa or 1.3332-10 bar). 

Bxploalon forms explosive alr-vapor mixtures contact with water, phenols, alcohols and many other substances can cause explosion. sealed machinery, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting, grounding. in case of fire keep undemeged cylinders cod by spraying with water, but DO NOT spray substance with water. 

Anthropogenic phenols are often superimposed on this natural phenol level. They get into surface and ground water as a result of, for example, industrial, domestic, or communal waste water having been inadequately cleaned. 

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