Water acetone, phenol

The neutralized cleavage product, consisting of acetone, phenol, water, hydrocarbons, and trace organic impurities, is separated in a series of distillation columns. Also in this section alpha-methylstyrene is either recovered as a product or hydrogenated to cumene. 

The phenolic and related components present in stems and leaves of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., and Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus L., were extracted sequentially and their activity as phytotoxic agents evaluated. Total acids and neutral compounds were isolated by extraction with methanol, acetone, and water. The free acids and neutral compounds were partitioned into the organic phase, whereas the acids, present as esters and aglycones, were liberated by subsequent alkaline hydrolysis of the aqueous phase. 

A potentiometric method for determination of ionization constants for weak acids and bases in mixed solvents and for determination of solubility product constants in mixed solvents is described. The method utilizes glass electrodes, is rapid and convenient, and gives results in agreement with corresponding values from the literature. After describing the experimental details of the method, we present results of its application to three types of ionization equilibria. These results include a study of the thermodynamics of ionization of acetic acid, benzoic acid, phenol, water, and silver chloride in aqueous mixtures of acetone, tetrahydrofuran, and ethanol. The solvent compositions in these studies were varied from 0 to ca. 70 mass % nonaqueous component, and measurements were made at several temperatures between 10° and 40°C. 

Figure 5. Thermodynamics for HPh(S) = H+(S) + Ph (S) where Ph = phenolate vs. wt% organic solvent component. Equations 3, 4, 20-22 1 = water-ethanol, 2 = water-acetone, 3 = water-tetra-hydrofuran G = 6G, H = 5H, S = 6S.

Figure 13.23. Examples of vapor-liquid equilibria in presence of solvents, (a) Mixture of-octane and toluene in the presence of phenol, (b) Mixtures of chloroform and acetone in the presence of methylisobutylketone. The mole fraction of solvent is indicated, (c) Mixture of ethanol and water (a) without additive (b) with 10gCaCl2 in 100 mL of mix. (d) Mixture of acetone and methanol (a) in 2.3Af CaCl2 ip) salt-free, (e) Effect of solvent concentration on the activity coefficients and relative volatility of an equimolal mixture of acetone and water (Carlson and Stewart, in Weissbergers Technique of Organic Chemistry IV, Distillation, 1965). (f) Relative volatilities in the presence of acetonitrile. Compositions of hydrocarbons in liquid phase on solvent-free basis (1) 0.76 isopentane + 0.24 isoprene (2) 0.24 iC5 + 0.76 IP (3) 0.5 iC5 + 0.5 2-methylbutene-2 (4) 0.25-0.76 2MB2 + 0.75-0.24 IP [Ogorodnikov et al., Zh. Prikl. Kh. 34, 1096-1102 (1961)].

The chosen catalytic test reaction was the oxidation of phenol, which yields a mixture of catechol, hydro-quinonc, and 1,4-benzoquinone (Scheme I). The reaction was conducted at atmospheric pressure by continuously adding aqueous H2O2 to a mixture of catalyst, phenol, water, and a solvent (either methanol or acetone) at the reaction temperature (usually 373 K) reaction times were l-4h. Conversions and product sclectivities depended on the composition of this mixture under the best conditions, H2O2 conversion was 100%, phenol conversion 27%, and phenol hydrox-ylation selectivity 91%. The ratio of o />-substituted products (Scheme 1) was usually about unity. It was concluded that catalytic performance depended critically on calcination conditions, i.e. on the completeness of removal of the template. Many facets of the reaction remain to be investigated. 

Since the suggestion of the sequential QM/MM hybrid method, Canuto, Coutinho and co-authors have applied this method with success in the study of several systems and properties shift of the electronic absorption spectrum of benzene [42], pyrimidine [51] and (3-carotene [47] in several solvents shift of the ortho-betaine in water [52] shift of the electronic absorption and emission spectrum of formaldehyde in water [53] and acetone in water [54] hydrogen interaction energy of pyridine [46] and guanine-cytosine in water [55] differential solvation of phenol and phenoxy radical in different solvents [56,57] hydrated electron [58] dipole polarizability of F in water [59] tautomeric equilibrium of 2-mercaptopyridine in water [60] NMR chemical shifts in liquid water [61] electron affinity and ionization potential of liquid water [62] and liquid ammonia [35] dipole polarizability of atomic liquids [63] etc. 

The most popular system in which the effects of various salts have been investigated over the years has been that of ethanol-water. Other systems which have been studied are ethylene glycol-water, acetic acid-water, methanol-water, 1- and 2-propanol-water, nitric acid-water, acetone-methanol, 1-octane-propionic acid, phenol-water, and formic acid-water. Aqueous systems have been choices for such studies because of salt solubility considerations. 

Furthermore, it is seen that a hydroxyl group in the molecule does not necessarily reduce the Rf value as the chromatographic behavior of serine with respect to glycine on both layers of silica gel and cellulose shows (see Table 1). Some of the numerous eluents that have been used for the separation of amino adds on silica gel are acetone-water-acetic acid-formic acid (50 15 12 3), ethylacetate-pyridine-acetic acid-water (30 20 6 11), 96% ethanol-water-diethylamine (70 29 1), chloroform-formic acid (20 1), chloroform-methanol (9 1), isopropanol-5 % ammonia (7 3), and phenol-0.06M borate buffer pH 9.30 (9 1). On cellulose plates, ethylacetate-pyridine-acetic add-water (5 5 1 3), n-bu-tanol-acetic acid-water (4 1 1 and 10 3 9), n-butanol-acetone-ammonia-water (20 20 4 1), collidine-n-bu-tanol-acetone-water (2 10 10 5), phenol-methanol-water (7 10 3), ethanol-acetic acid-water (2 1 2), and cyclohexanol-acetone-diethylamine-water... 

Polyamide precoated plates are currently used for the separation of phenols and phenolic compounds (i.e., anthocyanins, anthoxanthines, anthroquinone derivatives, and flavones) using solvents of different elution strength (DMF > formamide > acetone > methanol > water). Such eluents and solutes compete for the hydrogen bonds with the peptide groups of the polyamide. 

The 2-D TLC was successfully applied to the separation of amino acids as early as the beginning of thin-layer chromatography. Separation efficiency is, by far, best with chloroform-methanol-17% ammonium hydroxide (40 40 20, v/v), n-butanol-glacial acetic acid-water (80 20 20, v/v) in combination with phenol-water (75 25, g/g). A novel 2-D TLC method has been elaborated and found suitable for the chromatographic identification of 52 amino acids. This method is based on three 2-D TLC developments on cellulose (CMN 300 50 p) using the same solvent system 1 for the first dimension and three different systems (11-IV) of suitable properties for the second dimension. System 1 n-butanol-acetone -diethylamine-water (10 10 2 5, v/v) system 11 2-propanol-formic acid-water (40 2 10, v/v) system 111 iec-butanol-methyl ethyl ketone-dicyclohexylamine-water (10 10 2 5, v/v) and system IV phenol-water (75 25, g/g) (h- 7.5 mg Na-cyanide) with 3% ammonia. With this technique, all amino acids can be differentiated and characterized by their fixed positions and also by some color reactions. Moreover, the relative merits of cellulose and silica gel are discussed in relation to separation efficiency, reproducibility, and detection sensitivity. Two-dimensional TLC separation of a performic acid oxidized mixture of 20 protein amino acids plus p-alanine and y-amino-n-butyric acid was performed in the first direction with chloroform-methanol-ammonia (17%) (40 40 20, v/v) and in the second direction with phenol-water (75 25, g/g). Detection was performed via ninhydrin reagent spray. 

Cyanamide is a colorless, orthorhombic, hydrophilic, crystalline solid with a mild odor. It is commonly used in liquid solution, and is expected to be soluble in water, ether, benzene, acetone, phenols, amines, ketones, and alcohols. 

Properties Crystals. Mp 175-176C. Soluble in water, alcohol, acetone, phenol. 

Properties Lustrous, dark-violet, crystalline scales. Soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, phenol, and glacial acetic acid slightly soluble in water pH 4.4—6.2. 

Hydrochloride, C.jHjgCiNOj, Dyctone, Tanaclone. Crystals, mp 175-176°, Sol in water, ale, acetone. Phenol coefficient 3.6. 

Dark-violet, lustrous scales or granules. Freely sol in methanol, ethanol, amyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetone, phenol. Sparingly sol in water, ether. Practically in sol in chloroform, benzene, petr ether-... 

The phenol in acetone/dichloromethane/water (1 1 2) containing sodium bicarbonate treated ozone to give the 4,6-di-tert-butylbenzo-l,2-quinone. 

Isomeres of Terebenthene.—There exist a great number of bodies, the products of distillation of vegetable substances, which are known as essences, essential oils, volatile oils or distilled oils. They resemble each other in being odorous, oily, sparingly soluble in water, more or less soluble in alcohol and ether colorless or yellowish, inflammable, and prone to become resinous on exposure to air. They are not simple chemical compounds, but mixtures, and in many of them the principal ingredient is a hydrocarbon, isomeric with terebenthene, and consequently having the composition jiCioH,. Some contain hydrocarbons, others aldehydes, acetones, phenols, and ethers. 

Chem. Descrip. Polypropoxy quat. ammonium acetate Uses Antislat conditioner for hair rinse preparations emulsifier tor cosmetics and textile flame retardants solvent for phenolic-type germiddes for cosmetics and toiletries antistat for syn. fibers and plastics tabric conditioner lubricant for textile and industrial formulations solvent dean-ing and scouring agent corrosion inhibitor in protective coatings pigment dispersant in nonaq. media o/w emulsifier Properties Lt. amber oily liq. sol. 25% in ethanol, IPA, acetone, MEK water-disp. sp.gr. 1.02 flash pt. > 93 C (PMCC) pH 6.5 cationic 99% solids... 

For most mixtures the two-phase region fades away at higher temperatures. As an example the system phenol/water/acetone is shown in Fig. 2.2-4. The two-phase region is extended at 30°C, attenuated at 87°C, and vanishes at 92°C. 

Fig. 2.2-4 Triangular diagram for the system phenol/water/acetone with binodal curves at various temperatures...

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