Water aniline, phenol

Although less common, azeotropic mixtures are known which have higher boiling points than their components. These include water with most of the mineral acids (hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, perchloric, nitric and sulfuric) and formic acid. Other examples are acetic acid-pyridine, acetone-chloroform, aniline-phenol, and chloroform-methyl acetate. 

Gasoline commonly contains appreciable amounts of aniline, phenol, and their alkyl snbstitnted homologues as well as many other polar componnds. Schmidt et al. (2002) measnred the fnel-water partitioning coefficients, of several polar componnds during a batch experiment. The values for the investigated phenols, anihnes, benzotria-... 

The solvents most commonly employed are water, ethyl and methyl alcohol, ether, benzene, petroleum ether, acetone, glacial acetic acid also two or three solvents may be mixed to get the desired effect as described later. If you still cannot dissolve the compound, try some of these chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, pyridine, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid (acids are usually diluted first), nitrobenzene, aniline, phenol, dioxan, ethylene dichloride, di, tri, tetrachloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, dichloroethyl ether, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, tetralin, decalin, triacetin, ethylene glycol and its esters and ethers, butyl alcohol, diacetone alcohol, ethyl lactate, isopropyl ether, etc. 

Problem 16.59 Give the product formed when PhSO CI is treated with (a) phenol, (b) aniline, (c) water, (d) excess Zn and HCI. ... 

Nitrochitin is partly soluble in formic acid and can be fractionated into two parts by means of this solvent. It can be precipitated with water from the solution in formic acid. The two fractions differ very little with respect to the nitrogen content, but very probably they differ in molecular weight. Nitrochitin swells in benzene, tetralin, nitrobenzene, aniline, phenol, pyridine and furfural. 

Cyclonite is a white crystalline solid, m.p. 202°. It is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, and carbon tetrachloride, very slightly soluble in hot benzene, and soluble 1 part in about 135 parts of boiling xylene. It is readily soluble in hot aniline, phenol, ethyl benzoate, and nitrobenzene, from all of which it crystallizes in needles. It is moderately soluble in hot acetone, about 1 part in 8, and is conveniently recrystallized from this solvent from which it is deposited in beautiful, transparent, sparkling prisms. It dissolves very slowly in cold concentrated sulfuric acid, and the solution decomposes on standing. It dissolves readily in warm nitric acid (1.42 or stronger) and separates only partially again when the liquid is cooled. The chemical reactions of cyclonite indicate that the cyclotrimethylenetri-nitramine formula which Herz suggested for it is probably correct. 

The mechanism of phenol amination on MgO can be formulated in an identical way since it is known that ammonia also dissociates heterolyti-cally on the most unsaturated Mg 0 pairs (264) located at edges, steps, and corners, with formation of surface NH2 and OH species (see Section IV.A.5). Since phenol (an acidic molecule) is adsorbed on all surface Mg2 O2 pairs, the most plausible adsorption interaction mechanism is that shown in Scheme 8. The densely packed negatively charged OH, phenoxide, and amino groups are then expected to readily react at the reaction temperature with elimination of aniline and water. 

The most common reagent for nitration of benzene, simple alkylbenzenes and other less reactive compounds is a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids. However, nitration of activated substrates, such as aniline, phenol or pyrrole, occurs with nitric acid alone or in water, acetic acid or acetic anhydride. Concentrated sulfuric acid can oxidize these substrates. A description of the use of other nitrating reagents is outside of the scope of this review, but can be found in Smith and March s Advanced Organic Chemistry29 or Larock s Comprehensive Organic Transformations30. 

Preconcentration by SPE of trace phenolic pollutants in water was recommended, prior to UVD, FED or ELD . The optimum extraction procedure was established for the spectrophotometric determination of phenol and aniline in water. LOD were in the approximate range of the maximum permissible concentrations (about 5 ppm for phenol) . 

Kuhn R et al., Results of the harmful effects of selected water pollutants (anilines, phenols, aliphatic compounds) to Daphnia magna, Water Res., 23, 495, 1989. 

Properties.—Physical.—Sulfur is usually yellow in color. At low temperatures, and in minute subdivision, as in the precipitated milk of sulfur, sulfur prsecipitatum (U. S.), it is almost or- quite colorless. Its taste and odor are faint but characteristic. At 114 (237°. 3 F.) it fuses to a thin yellow liquid, which at 150°-160 (302 -320 F.) becomes thick and brown at 330°-340° (620°— 643°.2 F.) it again becomes thin and light in color finally it boils, giving off brownish-yellow vapor at a temperature variouslv stated between 440° (824° F.) and 448 (838°.4 F.). If heated to-about 400° (753° F.) and suddenly cooled, it is converted into plastic sulfur, which may be moulded into any desired form. It is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in anilin, phenol, benzene, benzin, and chloroform readily soluble in protochlorid of sulfur and carbon disulfid. It dissolves in hot alcohol, and crystallizes from the solution, on cooling, in white prismatic crystals. It is dimorphous. When fused sulfur crystallizes it does so in oblique rhombic prisms. Its solution in carbon disulfid deposits it on evaporation in rhombic octahedra. The prismatic ... 

Aniline Nitrobenzene Morpholine Pyridine 2-Nitropropane Acetonitrile Furfuraldehyde Phenol Water None 2.1 lx/3/1065 ... 

Predict the effect on the ultraviolet spectrum of a solution of aniline in water when hydrochloric acid is added. Explain why a solution of sodium phenoxide absorbs at longer wavelengths than a solution of phenol (see Tablebelow). ... 

In one series of experiments the solvation of Cl" ion by several different molecules was examined. Water, methanol, t-butanol, aniline, phenol, and benzene were used as the solvents. The free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes determined in this manner are summarized in Table VII. 

Engelhardt - Jungheim test Cr-Cib packing hydrophobic interaction, behavior of basic and acidic analytes (silanophilic interactions) aniline, phenol. o-,m-,p-toluidine, A.A -dimethylaniline, toluene, ethylbenzene, methyl benzoate methanol - water. 50 50 wt % UV (254 nm)... 

Yang K, Wu W, Jing Q, Zhu L (2008) Aqueous adsorption of aniline, phenol, and their substitutes by multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Environ Sci Tech 42 7931-7936. doi 10.1021/es801463v Ye S, Huang F (2007) Separation of carcinogenic aromatic amines in the dyestuff plant wastewater treatment. Desalination 206 78-85. doi 10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.562 Yemashova N, Kalyuzhnyi S (2006) Microbial conversion of selected azo dyes and their breakdown products. Water Sci Technol 53(11) 163-171. http //www.ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/ 16862786... 

Consecutively, the same group demonstrated that SPE can also be applied in an on-line combination with GC-MS. An example is the SPE-GC-MS analysis of 10 mL of river Rhine water spiked at the 0.5 pgL- level with 80 microcontaminants, such as chlorobenzenes, aromatic compounds, anilines, phenols and organonitrogen and organophosphorus pesticides. 

Dissolve 15 ml. (15-4 g.) of aniline in a mixture of 40 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 40 ml. of water contained in a 250 ml. conical flask. Place a thermometer in the solution, immerse the flask in a mixture of ice and water, and cool until the temperature of the stirred solution reaches 5°. Dissolve I2 5 g. of powdered sodium nitrite in 30 ml. of water, and add this solution in small quantities (about 2-3 ml. at a time) to the cold aniline hydrochloride solution, meanwhile keeping the latter well stirred by means of a thermometer. Heat is evolved by the reaction, and therefore a short interval should be allowed between consecutive additions of the sodium nitrite, partly to allow the temperature to fall again to 5°, and partly to ensure that the nitrous acid formed reacts as completely as possible with the aniline. The temperature must not be allowed to rise above 10°, otherwise appreciable decomposition of the diazonium compound to phenol will occur on the other hand, the temperature... 

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